• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.508-512
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• 2005

고려인삼의 수출확대를 위해서 백삼 및 태극삼의 사포닌(saponin) 함량에 대한 중국 고려인삼 수입의약품 둥록기준 설정의 기초 자료를 얻고자 조사하였다. 백삼 50구의 크기에 따른 초특대편, 특대편, 대편, 중편 및 소편의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 각각 664.7, 796.9, 674.7, 839.0 및 646.6 mg%이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 각각 1.0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.0 및 1.0의 분포였다. 태극삼 13구의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 755.1 mg%, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.28이었다. 그리고 백삼 50구의 Rg1 평균값은 $232.7{\pm}110.2 mg%$, Re평균값은 $235.3{\pm}101.5 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $280.1{\pm}121.3 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $748.2{\pm}299.4 mg%$이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.02이었다. 또한 태극삼 13구의 사포닌 성분의 분석결과, Rg1 평균값은 $262.1{\pm}127.2 mg%$, Re 평균값은 $213.1{\pm}55.7 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $279.9{\pm}92.1 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $755.1{\pm}233.6 mg%$이었다. 백삼과 태극삼의 사포닌 조성 및 함량은 중국수입의약품 등록기준인 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1 값의 합이 0.4% 이상이라는 기준규격에 적합하였고, HPLC-ELSD로 분석시 인삼의 분석방법별 기준인 ginsenoside -Rg1과 -Re의 함량비($Rg1/Re{\Leq}3.87$)에 부합되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2017

Background: Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods: Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results: In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9-36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1-2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion: Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1-2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents in red and fresh ginseng according to root part and age by hydrolysis. Neutral total ginsenoside contents by hydrolysis in 6-year main root and lateral root were significantly increased than those by non-hydrolysis, as 41.6 and 32.8%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in red ginseng. In fresh ginseng, ginsenoside contents of the protopanaxatriol group such as Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$, and $Rh_1$ were not significantly different, but $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, and Rd showed significant difference. The increase rate of neutral total ginsenoside content by hydrolysis was higher in epidermis-cortex than stele. Also, the neutral total ginsenoside content was fine root > rhizome > lateral root > main root, respectively. While there was no tendency towards the increase of ginsenoside by hydrolysis with the increase of root age in fine root and rhizome, there was significant decrease in main root and lateral root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), one of the major active compounds in Panax ginseng, has already been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been considered a degenerative disease with degradation of joint articular cartilage. However, recent studies have shown the association of inflammation with OA. In the present study, we investigated whether Rb1 had an antiinflammatory effect on monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA in ovariectomized rats as a model of postmenopausal arthritis. Methods: G-Rb1 at a dosage of 3 and 10 ㎍/kg body weight was administered every 3 days intraarticularly for a period of 4 weeks to observe antiarthritic effects. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) served as a positive control. Results: The administration of Rb1 significantly ameliorated OA inflammatory symptoms and reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, G-Rb1 administration considerably enhanced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen 2A and reduced the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 genes, indicating a chondroprotective effect of G-Rb1. G-Rb1 also significantly reduced the expression of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (interferon gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL-2, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6). Histological analysis demonstrated that G-Rb1 significantly attenuated the pathological changes in MIA-induced OA in ovariectomized rats. Safranin O and toluidine blue staining further demonstrated that G-Rb1 effectively prevented the degradation of cartilage and glycosaminoglycans, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that G-Rb1 exerts cartilage protective effect on MIA-induced ovariectomized OA rats, by inhibiting inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1/CCL-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE2). These results shed a light on possible therapeutic application of G-Rb1 in OA.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.456-462
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• 2005

More than seventy strains of aerobic bacteria showing ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity were isolated from a ginseng field, using a newly designed Esculin-R2A agar, and identified by their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Of these microorganisms, twelve strains could convert the major ginsenoside, $Rb_1$, to the pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. Three strains, Burkholderia pyrrocinia GP16, Bacillus megaterium GP27 and Sphingomonas echinoides GP50, were phylogenetically studied, and observed to be most potent at converting ginsenoside $Rb_1$ almost completely within 48 h, as shown by TLC and HPLC analyses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 1982

Studies were carried out to clarify the effect of ginsenoside-Rbl -Rbr and acid hydrolyzatps of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2 (HRbl, HRbf) on lipolysis and lipogenesis induced by epinephrine, glucagon, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and insulin in rat adipose tissilr. HRbl , HRb2 slightly inhibited lipolysis induced by epinephine. glucagon and TSH. ACTH-induced lipolysis in fat tissue slices was significantly inhibited by ginsenoside -Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2, particulary HRb2. None of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2 accelerated insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in fat calls. Among ginseng products, extract powder (freeze dried), extract powder (spray dried), red ginseng powder inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue slices, but red ginseng extract not affect them.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.222-227
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• 1980

고려인삼근(자경종)(高麗人蔘根(紫莖種))의 중심부(형성층내부)(中心部(形成層內部))와 외피십피층(外皮十皮層)에 있는 ginsenoside를 고속액 체크로마토그라피로 분석(分析)하고 경(莖)의 자색정도(紫色程度)와의 관계(關係)를 검토(檢討)하였다. Ginsenoside의 단순상관(單純相關)에 의(依)한 saponin 양상(樣相)의 유사도(類似度)를 경색도군간(莖色度群間) 같은 뿌리 또는 다른 뿌리간(間)에 두부위(部位)에서 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 경색도(莖色度)는 saponin 양상(樣相)과 관련(關聯)되지 않는 것으로 보였다. Saponin 양상(樣相)은 부위(部位)의 출처(出處)에 관계(關係)없이 서도 다른 부위간(部位間)에 약간 달랐다. 각(各) ginsenoside 함량순위(含量順位)는 표피십피층(表皮十皮層)에서 $Rg_1>Re>Rb_1>Rb_2>Rc>Rg_2{\geq}Rd>Rf$이고 중심부(中心部)에서는 $Rg_1>Re{\geq}Rg_2{\geq}Rb_1{\gg}Rb_2>Rc{\geq}Rd>Rf$였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2019

고려인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)을 70% EtOH 수용액으로 저온 추출한 뒤, 감압 농축한 추출물을SiO₂, ODS column chromatograph 및 중압분취(MPLC) 장비를 반복 실시하여 4종의 인삼 사포닌 화합물을 분리 및 정제하였다. NMR 및 고분해능 질량분석 장비를 이용하여 malonyl ginsenoside Rd (1), Rc (2), Rb2 (3), 및 Rb1 (4)로 구조 동정하였다. 분리한 4종의 화합물에 대하여 UPLC-MS/MS 질량분석기를 이용하여 수삼의 5년 및 6년근 뿌리의 동체를 정량분석 하였으며, malonyl ginsenoside의 총 함량의 합은 각각 6.62 및 2.34 mg/g으로 5년근이 약 2.8배 높은 것을 확인하였다. 인삼으로부터 분리된 화합물 중 malonyl ginsenoside Rd의 경우, 알코올에 의해 저해된 HepG2세포에 대해서 간세포를 보호하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.282-287
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• 2001

인삼 조사포닌을 기존의 고온 MeOH 추출/n-BuOH 분획법 및 고온 MeOH 추출/Diaion HP-20 흡착/MeOH 용출법과 새로이 시도된 고온 MeOH 추출/cation AG 50W흡착/$H_2O$ 용출/n-BuOH 추출법(AG 50W법), 상온 MeOH 추출/Diaion HP-20 흡착/MeOH 용출법(상온추출법)과 EtOAc/n-BuOH 직접 추출법으로 분리한 다음 기존의 HPLC/RI 방법으로 ginsenoside조성을 비교한 결과 EtOAc/n-BuOH 직접 추출법을 제외하고는 큰 차이가 없었으나 분리능과 감도가 우수한 HPLC/ELSD방법을 사용한 결과, ginsenoside $Rb_2$, Rf, $Rg_1$ 및 $Rh_1$ 등을 뚜렷이 식별할 수 있었고 추출 및 분획방법에 따라 조사포닌간 ginsenoside의 현저한 조성차이를 볼 수 있었다. 특히 AG 50W법에 의해 분리된 조사포닌에서 뚜렷한 prosapogenin 피크를 볼 수 있었으며 LC/MS의 결과, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$ 등의 7종의 주종 사포닌 이외에도 5종의 prosapogenin과 1종의 chikusetsusaponin을 포함한 총 13종의 ginsenoside를 동정하였다. 새로이 정립한 HPLC 분석조건, 즉 $NH_2$ 대신에 $C_{18}$ column을 사용하고 $KH_2PO_4/CH_3CN$ gradient로 상온추출법으로 분리한 조사포닌을 분석한 결과, malonyl ginsenoside 피크를 용이하게 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1081-1089
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• 2008

A novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing ${\beta}$-glucosidase was purified from Paecilomyces Bainier sp. 229 by a combination of Q-Sepharose FF, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, and CHT ceramic hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass estimated to be 115 kDa. The optimal enzyme activity was observed at pH 3.5 and $60^{\circ}C$. It was highly stable within pH 3-9 and at temperatures lower than $55^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was specific to ${\beta}$-glucoside. The order of enzyme activities against different types of ${\beta}$-glucosidic linkages was ${\beta}$-(1-6)>${\beta}$-(1-2)>${\beta}$-(1-4). The enzyme converted ginsenoside Rb1 to CK specifically and efficiently. An 84.3% amount of ginsenoside Rb1, with an initial concentration of 2 mM, was converted into CK in 24 h by the enzyme at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 3.5. The hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by the enzyme was $Rb1{\to}Rd{\to}F2{\to}CK$. Five tryptic peptide fragments of the enzyme were identified by a newly developed de novo sequencing method of post-source decay (PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. By comparing the five identified peptide sequences with the NCBI database, this purified ${\beta}$-glucosidase proves to be a new protein that has not been reported before.