• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2014

Wild Korean ginseng has been recognized as highly precious medicine since ancient times. Nowadays, the population of wild ginseng in the forest of Korean peninsula is very rare due to indiscreet harvest. In this work, we investigated the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic callus of old wild ginseng (more than 50 years-old) and compared the features of plants regenerated from 5-years old and 50 years-old ginseng. Induction of embryogenic callus from adventitious roots of 50 year-old wild ginseng required 83 weeks of culture, but only 10 weeks were sufficient for 5 year-old ginseng. Height and width of plants derived from the old wild ginseng was smaller and slender compared to the plantlets derived from 5 year-old ginseng. Total chlorophyll contents was 2-6 time lower in plantlets regenerated from 50 year-old wild ginseng than those from 5 year-old ginseng, but anthocyanin content was higher in 50 year-old ginseng. Our results revealed that plants regenerated from old wild ginseng have different morphological and physiological characters probably due to age-dependent phenomenon.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2013

In this study, gamma rays were used to irradiate embryogenic calli induced from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng Meyer. After the embryogenic calli were irradiated, they were transferred to adventitious roots using an induction medium; next, mutated adventitious root (MAR) lines with a high frequency of adventitious root formations were selected. Two MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) from the calli treated with 50 Gy of gamma rays were cultured on an $NH_4NO_3$-free Murashige and Skoog medium with indole-3-butyric acid 3 mg/L. The expression of genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with RNA prepared from native ginseng (NG), non-irradiated adventitious root (NAR) and 2 MAR lines. The expression of the squalene epoxidase and dammarenediol synthase genes was increased in the MAR 5-2 line, whereas the phytosterol synthase was increased in the MAR 5-9 line. The content and pattern of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1) were analyzed in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) using TLC and HPLC. In the TLC analysis, the ginsenoside patterns in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines were similar; in contrast, the MAR 5-9 line showed strong bands of primary ginsenosides. In the HPLC analysis, compared with the NG, one new type of ginsenoside was observed in the NAR and 2 MAR lines, and another new type of ginsenoside was observed in the 2 MAR lines irradiated with gamma rays. The ginsenoside content of the MAR 5-9 line was significantly greater in comparison to the NG.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국약용작물학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.396-397
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• 2011

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1197-1202
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• 2008

Present study investigated the effects of the 70% ethanol extracts of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (TCMG), Korean red ginseng (KRG), and Panax ginseng (PG) on agonist-induced platelet aggregation and activation in human whole blood. The $IC_{50}$ values for TCMG, KRG, and PG were 1.159, 3.695, and 4.978mg/mL for collagen-induced aggregation, 0.820, 2.030, and 4.743mg/mL for arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, and 1.070, 2.617, and 2.954 mg/mL for ADP-induced aggregation, respectively. Also, this study assessed the effects of the most active extract, TCMG, on markers of platelet activation by determining receptor expression on platelet membranes in healthy subjects, including expression of GPIIb/IIIa-like (PAC-1) and P-selectin (CD62), by flow cytometry. A significant decrease in PAC-l expression (p=0.018) was observed in the presence of TCMG. These results show that TCMG has potent anti-platelet activity.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2005

생물반응기 배양을 통하여 인삼 부정근을 대량생산하고자 할 때, 가장 이상적인 공기주입량의 조절은 배양초기부터 말기까지 각각의 농도 (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 vvm)를 가지고 동일하게 주입하는 방법보다는 인삼 부정근의 생장이 증가함에 따라 공기주입량을 약 10일 간격을 두고 $0.05{\sim}0.3\;vvm$으로 서서히 증가시키는 것이 인삼 부정근의 생장(175.8 g dry wt)과 총 ginsenoside 함량 (4.3 mg/g dry wt)을 최대로 증가시켰다. 또한 생물반응기내 sparger의 다공 크기를 15, 30, $60\;{\mu}m$으로 각각 제작하여 배양하였을 경우, 인삼 부정근의 생장은 $15\;{\mu}m$ sparger (175.9 g dry wt)에서 양호하였으나 총 ginsenoside 함량은 $60\;{\mu}m$ sparger (4.9 mg/g dry wt)에서 우수하게 나타났다. 마지막으로 sparger의 직경을 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0 cm로 각각 제작하여 배양하였을 때 (공기주입량은 $0.05{\sim}0.3$ vvm, sparger의 다공크기는 $15\;{\mu}m$로 채택), 8.0 cm sparger에서 인삼 부정근의 생장(191.9 g dry wt)과 총 ginsenoside 함량 (4.9 mg/g dry wt)이 다른 처리구에 비하여 가장 우수하게 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.232-237
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• 2008

Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR, EC 1.2.1.44) catalyses the reduction of cinnamic acid CoA esters into their corresponding aldehydes, the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway specially dedicated to monolignol biosynthesis. A cDNA clones encoding CCR have been isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and its expression was investigated in response to abiotic stresses. The cDNA, designated PgCCR which is 865 nucleotides long and has an open reading frame of 590 bp with a deduced amino acid sequence of 176 residues. The PgCCR encoded protein possesses substantial homology with CCRs isolated and cloned from other sources; the highest identity (51.8%) was observed with CCR from Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Under various stress conditions, expression patterns of the PgCCR were highly induced in adventitious and hairy roots by several abiotic stresses. These results indicated that PgCCR plays protective role against diverse environmental stresses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2014

Background: The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing ginsenoside biosynthesis. Although a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo. Methods: Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after 2 d of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances ginsenoside production not in the epidermis but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the production of PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2002

민들레 (Taraxacum platycarpum)는 오래전부터 민간에서 약용으로 이용되어 왔다. 본 실험에서는 민들레로부터 효율적인 식물체 재분화 조건을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 부정아 유도에 있어서 적절한 생장조절제와 그 농도를 조사하기 위하여 auxin (2.4-D, NAA) 또는 cytokinin (BAP, kinetin, 2-ip)을 단독, 조합처리 하였다. Cytokinin 단독 혹은 auxin과 조합처리시 부정아가 유도되었는데 이 중 2mg/L BAP에서 가장 높게 나타났다. Cytokinin 단독처리시 종류에 따라 부위별 부정아 형성률이 다르게 나타나며, 민들레의 경우에는 특이하게 뿌리 절편에서 자엽과 배축 절편보다에서 부정아 형성률이 가장 높게 나타났다. 한편 auxin을 cytokinin과 조합처리한 경우에는 cytokinin 단독처리시보다 뿌리 절편에서 부정아 형성률이 급격히 떨어졌다. 반면 자엽 부위로부터 부정아 형성률은 크게 증가되었다. 부정아로부터 부정근의 유도는 0.2mg/L NAA에서 가장 양호하게 나타났으며 인공배양토의 순화과정에서 93%의 높은 생존율을 보였다. 비무균상태의 마사토에서 100%생존함으로써 기외의 포장이식에 어려움이 없을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.621-627
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng (ginseng) is a traditional medicine that is reported to have cardioprotective effects; ginsenosides are the major bioactive compounds in the ginseng root. Methods: Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) nanoparticles might be useful for both the extraction of the targeted (imprinted) molecules, and for the delivery of those molecules to cells. In this work, plant growth regulators were used to enhance the adventitious rooting of ginseng root callus; imprinted polymeric particles were synthesized for the extraction of ginsenoside Rb₁ from root extracts, and then employed for subsequent particle-mediated delivery to cardiomyocytes to mitigate hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Results: These synthesized composite nanoparticles were first characterized by their specific surface area, adsorption capacity, and magnetization, and then used for the extraction of ginsenoside Rb₁ from a crude extract of ginseng roots. The ginsenoside-loaded MMIPs were then shown to have protective effects on mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular viability for H9c2 cells treated with CoCl₂ to mimic hypoxia injury. The protective effect of the ginsenosides was assessed by staining with JC-1 dye to monitor the mitochondrial membrane potential. Conclusion: MMIPs can play a dual role in both the extraction and cellular delivery of therapeutic ginsenosides.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.755-761
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• 2012

최근 산삼근의 배양이 실험실에서 가능해짐에 따라 산삼에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 산삼 배양근으로부터 다당을 분리하여 보체계 및 macrophage에 대한 면역자극활성을 측정하였다. 산삼 배양근을 열수 추출한 뒤, 80% ethanol 침전을 통하여 조다당을 추출하여 특성을 검토한 결과, 산삼 배양근 조다당체(WGAR-CP)의 neutral sugar 함량은 64.77%였고, uronic acid 함량은 34.32%이었다. WGAR-CP의 구성당 조성을 확인한 결과, glucose를 높은 비율로 함유하고 있었으며, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose를 미량 함유하고 있었다. Uronic acid에서는 galacturonic acid를 높은 비율로 함유하고 있었다. 한편, WGAR-CP는 인체 초기 면역반응에 있어 중요한 역할을 담당하는 보체계에 대하여 농도 의존적인 활성을 나타냈다. WGAR-CP를 0.1, 1, 10, 50, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 농도로 mouse peritoneal macrophage에 처리하여 면역자극을 유도한 후, NO 생성 및 cytokine 분비활성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 WGAR-CP의 NO생성은 저농도에서는 유의적인 활성을 보이지 않았으나, 50, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 농도별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 또한 50, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 용량에서 IL-6 생성을 농도 유의적으로 증가시켰고, 10, $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 농도 유의적으로 IL-12의 생성을 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, WGAR-CP는 자연면역계를 구성하고 있는 보체계와 macrophage의 활성인자로 작용할 수 있음이 확인되었고, WGAR-CP에 의해 활성화된 macrophage는 NO 및 IL-6, IL-12와 같은 염증성 cytokine의 분비를 유도함으로써 체내 면역기능을 증강시킬 수 있는 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료되었다.