• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.19 no.6 s.145
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• pp.529-533
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• 1981

The effect of insulin on the collagen metabolism in dental pulp and gingiva was studied using Sprague-Dawley rat and ³H-proline was injected intraperitoneally and then sacrificed according to predetermined schedule. Lower incisor pulp and gingiva were removed immediatedly and hydrolysed with acid. After digestion, proline and hydroxyproline were separated and analysed quantitatively employing thin-layer chromatography and radioactivity of each amino acid was counted by liquid scintillation counter. The label incorporated into lower incisor pulp and gingiva and radioactivity of ³H-hydroxyproline were increased in insulin administered group. And disappearance rate of ³H-hydroxyproline was decreased. Those results indicated that amino acid, I.e. proline transport and collagen biosynthesis were increased in dental pulp and gingiva by insulin administration.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.369-373
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• 2019

This paper describes a patient with an insufficient vestibular depth for a removable partial denture who underwent vestibuloplasty with a free gingival graft using a titanium mesh in the anterior mandible. Free gingiva was harvested from the palatal mucosa, and a partial thickness flap was elevated at the recipient site. After minimal suturing for the graft, a titanium mesh was fixed over the graft. The mesh was removed four weeks after surgery. The patient obtained an adequate vestibular depth and keratinized gingiva eight weeks after surgery without any complications. In this case, an appropriate vestibular depth and keratinized gingiva were easily obtained by vestibuloplasty using a titanium mesh.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.450-456
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• 2017

The purpose of this case report is to present a case of free gingival graft for treatment of mandibular incisor labial gingival recession relapsed after laterally positioned flap surgery. A 22 year-old female patient with discomfort and labial gingival recession on left mandibular central incisor was treated. The patient had been treated root coverage on same site by laterally positioned flap surgery, but treated site had relapsed in one month. Exposed root surface was covered by free gingiva from left palatal area. Although gingival color did not completely match with adjacent gingiva, more than 5mm keratinized gingiva was attained. The patient showed no further recurring pain and recession on gingiva after 5 months from the surgery. In conclusion, the root coverage with gain of keratinized gingiva could be achieved through free gingival graft from palate on relapsed gingival recession.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.417-421
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to introduce an effective technique to easily obtain adequate amounts of keratinized gingiva and vestibular depth. Materials and Methods: Free gingiva (vertical height 10 mm) was harvested on the palatal mucosa and a partial thickness flap was elevated on the recipient site with same width as the free gingiva graft. After a conventional suture, a titanium mesh covered the graft and was fixed with miniscrews. Titanium mesh was removed 4.1±2.5 weeks after surgery. The amount of keratinized gingiva and vestibular depth was measured at the final follow-up. Results: Nine patients (males 4, females 5; 53.9±14.1 years) who underwent bone graft surgery before vestibuloplasty were included. No free gingival graft failure or complications were encountered in any of the patients. The relapse rate for vestibular depth (23.3%) was lower than that for keratinized gingiva (48.3%) after 34.4±14.4 months (P=0.010). Conclusion: Vestibuloplasty with a free gingival graft using titanium mesh could be achieved with an acceptable amount of keratinized gingiva and an appropriate vestibular depth around dental implant.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.135-142
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• 1998

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of incisor protrusion on the mucogingival parameters including the width of attached gingiva. Thirty-seven young adults with lower anterior crowding were selected for this study. From the study model, the degrees of relative and absolute protrusions were measured for each lower incisor. Clinical non height, the width of keratinized gingiva, probing depth and the width of attached gingiva were measured with digital vernier calipers and Florida Probe System. Through comparing the difference of the above measurements between protruded and non-protruded incisors, and correlation analysis between each measurement, following results were obtained: 1. The protruded incisor showed narrow width of keratinized and attached gingiva comparing to non-protruded incisor. 2. The protruded incisor showed greater clinical crown height comparing to non-protruded side while there was no difference in the probing depth between protruded and non-protruded side. 3. The difference in the width of attached gingiva between protruded and non-protruded incisors showed higher significance in the lateral incisor than in the central incisor. 4. The degree of relative protrusion showed higher correlation with the width of attached gingiva than the degree of absolute protrusion. 5. Clinical crown height showed higher correlation with the width of attached gingiva than the degree of protrusion.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.678-685
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• 2006

A certain width of attached gingiva is required to maintain gingival health The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensional changes in the width of attached gingiva and the depth of gingival sulcus among the deciduous, mixed and permanent dentitions and establish baseline information on the width of attached gingiva in Korean children. Eighty-eight children aged 4 to 14, who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Samsung Medical Center, were selected and divided into 3 groups according to the periods of dentition: deciduous, mixed and permanent dentitions. The width of keratinized gingiva and the depth of gingival sulcus were measured in each group with a periodontal probe and the width of attached gingiva was determined. The width of attached gingiva in maxillary and mandibular first molars increased significantly with age after eruption in the permanent dentition (p<0.05). The sulcus depth significantly increased in newly erupted permanent teeth with narrower width of attached gingiva (p<0.05) in all of the experimented teeth with the exception of the mandibular central incisor during the transition period. The results suggest that the mean width of attached gingiva does not increase steadily from the deciduous to the permanent dentition.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.359-369
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• 2005

It has been suggested that morphologic characteristics of the periodontium are partly related to the shape and form of the teeth. Furthermore, the severity of symptoms of periodontal disease have been proposed to differ among these various morphologic entities or "biotypes". The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the form of the crowns in the maxillary anterior tooth segment and (1) a group of morphological characteristics and (2) the thickness of the gingiva. The thickness of gingiva was measured by ultrasonic device(SDM). 100 subjects devoid of symptoms of destructive periodontal disease were examined regarding, e.g., probing depth, gingival recession, width of keratinized gingiva, thickness of the keratinized gingiva. From maxillary study cast, the width(at the apical third-CW) and the length(CL) of the crowns of the 6 anterior teeth were determined. A CW/CL-ratio was calculated for each tooth and averaged for each tooth region. The individual mean CW/CL-ratio values for the central incisors were ranked. The 10 subjects ranked highest and the 10 ranked lowest were selected as having either a long-narrow(group N) or a short-wide(group W) form of the crown of the tooth. The data for each of the examined parameters were averaged for each tooth region in each subject and mean values for subjects in groups W and N were compared using the Student t-test. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, including data from the whole sample, was performed for each tooth region with the thickness of the free gingiva as the dependent variable. The results from the analyses demonstrated that individuals with a long-narrow form of the central incisors displayed, compared to individuals with a short-wide crown, form (l) a narrow zone of keratinized gingiva, (2) a pronounced "scalloped" contour of the gingival margin. There was no significant difference between groups N and W with respect to the thickness of the keratinized gingiva. The CW/CL-ratio data revealed that a certain form of the crowns in the central incisors was accompanied by a similar form in the lateral incisors and canine tooth region. The regression analyses demonstrated that the thickness of the keratinized gingiva in central, lateral incisors and canines was significantly related to the width of the keratinized gingiva.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.357-369
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• 2001

In this present study, the healing process and the recurrence of pigmentation were evaluated clinically and histologically in accordance with the extent and the range of pigmentation after phenol was applied to remove melanin pigmentation in gingiva. Six mongrel dogs were used. The melanin pigmentation in canine gingiva were classified into slight, moderate and severe according to the extent of pigmentation and divided into local and diffuse types according to the range. Following general and local anesthesia, 90% phenol was applied to the pigmented gingiva of the subjects with small cotton balls until the surface was etched to be whitish and was neutralized with small cotton balls soaked by 95% alcohol. The contralateral pigmented gingiva to the one treated with phenol, was treated by surgical deepithelialization. At 1, 3 and 8 weeks, the treated gingiva was examined clinically and evaluated histologically following H-E stain, and HMB 45 stain for melanocyte after biopsy. In the phenol treated sites, epithelium and connective tissue healed normally and there was no pigmentation at 1 week. At 3 weeks of healing, melanin repigmentation was observed in the severe local type and moderate to severe diffuse type. In the surgically deepithelialized sites, healing was delayed, compared to phenol treated sites and the infiltration of the inflammatory cells and congestion in connective tissue was shown at 1 week. At 3 weeks, healing was completed and there was a partial melanin repigmentation. At 8 weeks of healing, the extent and the range of repigmentation were increased in both group according to the extent or range priot to depigmentation procedure. These results suggpriorest that the removal of melanin pigmentation with 90% phenol application result in normal healing process of gingiva. However, in the severe local type and moderate to severe diffuse type, sites treated with phenol showed repigmentation at 3 week, which was earlier than surgical deepithelialized sites. Therefore it is required to select appropriate method according to initial condition of pigmentation.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2016

Narrow zone of attached gingiva and shallow vestibule around the implants might contribute to difficulty of cleasing, periimplant mucositis caused by incomplete cleansing and further peri-implantitis. The aim of this case report is to present modification of soft tissue biotype around the implants by free gingival grafts according to timing of surgical intervention and shape of free gingiva. A 44 year-old male patient had a missing area on lower right second molar area with 1 to 2 mm of narrow attached gingiva zone and wanted to be treated by implant placement. In radiographic analysis, there was enough alveolar bone to install an implant, free gingiva from hard palate was grafted following implant placement using double layer flap. The width of attached gingival was increased to 4 to 5mm and well maintained during 5 months of follow up. A 69 year-old female patient also had a missing area on lower right first and second molar area with 1 to 2 mm narrow attached gingiva. Since she had systematically angina pectoris and dental phobia, minimal invasive free gingival graft after implants placement was planned. After 2 months of implant surgery, free gingival graft surgery was performed with healing abutments connection. The grafted gingiva was composed of two strip shaped free gingiva, and they were immobilized by periodontal pack. The width of attached gingival was increased to 4 to 5mm and well maintained during 10 months of follow up. With prosthesis delivery, the patients recovered ideal periodontal environment around implants and masticatory function. In conclusion, periodontal health and masticatory function could be achieved through implant placement and free gingival graft.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1994

Keratinized ginigva has clinical singificance in periodontal health because it plays important roles in resistance to mechanical trauma, to penetration of bacteria, and to tensional stress by muscle attachment. In order to investigate the width change of anterior keratinized gingvial during transitional period, the width of kerainized gingiva on anterior teeth was measured annually in elementary school children with deciduous dentition until the successive anterior teeth were completely erupted. The distance from the gingival margin on mid-portion of crown to mucogingival junction was measured by Boley gauge(Hu-Friedy, U.S.A.) and was recorded as the width of keratinized gingiva. The difference of the width of keratinized gingiva according to sex and dentition was analyzed statistically by Student t-test. Following results were obtained : 1. In deciduous dentition, it was shown that the width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central incisors($3.28{\pm}0.83mm$) was the widest(p<0.01), and that on maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central and lateral incisors was $2.69{\pm}0.86mm$, $2.51{\pm}0.71mm$, $2.43{\pm}0.68mm$, respectively. 2. In mixed dentition, it was shown that the width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central incisors ($5.10{\pm}0.86$) was the widest(p<0.01), and that on maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central and lateral incisors was $4.35{\pm}0.83mm$, $3.51{\pm}0.60mm$, $3.57{\pm}0.66mm$, respectively. 3. The width of anterior keratinized gingiva was significantly increased after the successive anterior teeth were completely erupted(p<0.001). The width of keratinized gingiva on maxillary central and lateral incisors, and mandibular central and lateral incisors was increased by $1.82{\pm}0.83mm$, $1.65{\pm}0.69mm$, $0.99{\pm}0.39mm$, and $1.14{\pm}0.98mm$, respectively. 4. There was no statistical significance in the difference of the width of anterior keratinized gingiva between male and female(p>0.05).