• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). Four varieties of TF were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination patterns, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and varieties. Germination percentage was variable with varieties at the end of study. It was 85.25 to 97.00% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and patterns among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 7 and 9 DAS(days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. It was 11 to 12 DAS in days to the 50% germination, which was 3 to 4 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 12.38 to 14.29 DAS, being 1.55 to 4.77 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. Olympic Gold was regarded as the fastest variety and Tar Heel II was slowest. Data from this study demonstrated that information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns among varieties would be usefully applied for TF establishment such as golf course construction.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 1989

Tes ratablish a liawn Zoysia' Japonica Steud. with seeds. a experiment was conducted for the invrati ignt ic in oil seed's physic sit ogical maturity. The rt.sultt an' Summarized as follows: 1. The point of maximum weight off 1000 seeds and 100 seedling, germination speed and germination percentage were reached at 30 day. after anthesis. it would be considered as physiological maturity of Zoysia japonica seed. 2. The seeds moistures contents at physiological maturity was decreased in 18%. 3. Germination vigor deteriorated prior to viability. 4. The seeds were capable of germination in 3:4% at 10 days after anthesis. 5. Field deterioration of seeds occurer from 40 (lays after anthesis to 60 days and sprouted seedilng vigor was very poor.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2006

Seed priming is a useful technique for early establishment of seedling. In this experiment, the conditions for priming of pasture seeds (tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa and white clover) have been optimized to ensure an early germination and more uniform growth of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of five different materials such as $KNO_3,\;KH_2PO_4,\;K_3PO_4,\;Ca(NO_3){_2}$ and PEG. The subplots were consisted of three chemical concentration groups such as 500mM (or 10%), 100mM (or 20%) and 200mM (or 30%). Effect of priming materials and its concentrations were different in all four pasture seeds examined. Chemical concentration did not show any significant effects on the germination of tall fescue, however, germination of tall fescue primed with $Ca(NO_3){_2}\;and\;K_3PO_4$ materials were higher than the others. The concentration of prime materials did not affect on the germination of orchardgrass, but germination of orchardgrass primed with $KH_2PO_4$ was showed better result than the other materials examined. The seeds of alfalfa and white clover primed with PEG showed better germination capability than the other priming materials. In addition, chemical concentration of primed seeds also showed significant difference on the germination of alfalfa and white clover. These results suggest that seed priming induced earlier and higher germination for all four pastures tested. However, the, degree of priming effectiveness on pasture species depending on the priming materials and its concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant age on germination and distribution of seed specific gravity and to find a reason of low germination rate in seeds harvested from young plants, which could be valuable information for the improvement of seed germination in Bupleurum falcatum L. The germination rates of Korean native cultivar were 35% and 4% higher in 1-year-and 2-year-old plants, respectively, than Misshimasaiko (三鳥柴胡) and showed no significant difference between 1- and 2-year-old plants. However, in Misshimasaiko, seed germination rates of 1-year-old plants were $22.7{\sim}23.0%$ lower than those of $2{\sim}3-year-old$ plants. The relative frequency of seeds over 1.00 specific gravity in Misshimasaiko was $33{\sim}34%$ higher in $2{\sim}3-year-old$ plants compared to 52% of 1-year-old plant, but no difference was found between plant ages in Korean native cultivar. Considering varietal difference, the germination rate of seeds with the same specific gravity was not affected by plant age in Korean native cultivar, but in Misshimasaiko it was greatly different between 1-year-old $(5.0{\sim}17.5%)$ and $2{\sim}3-year-old$ plants $(22.5{\sim}55.0)%$. From these results, it was assumed that differences in germination rate among seeds from different plant ages were caused not only by seed specific gravity but also by some other factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.78-88
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop the plant-mat for ecological restoration which was formed as the thin multi-layers of woven nets, soil media, seeds, etc. The experimental site was selected at a slope of 240$m^2$ at the rear of Design College of Sangmyung University and divided into 8 sub-experimental plots (20$m^2$ each) according to mat types. (forest-type and grass-type mats with and without seed attachment, respectively) Also, the existing vegetation plot and the no-treatment plot were included in this experiment for comparison. The experiment construction was conducted on September 3, 2002. Mat covered plots regardless of seed attachment showed nearly no signs of erosion even if rainy season in summer compared to the no-treatment plot. Vegetation monitoring result showed that germination rates were somewhat high in both forest and grass-type mats without seed attachment in the initial germination stage. Although germination rates of seed attached mats were somewhat slower than non-seed attached mats in the germination stage, but over time, it showed a good rooting and shooting environment for germinated tree and grass species because of soil media existence within the mat. This indicates that while non seed-attached mats require follow-up maintenance, seed-attached mats does not require maintenance after rooting and germination.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.132-138
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the mass propagation system of Aster glehni FR. and to obtain the basic data for improvement of germination and seedling. The following was the results of experimentation about temperature and light conditions, and priming treatment as kinds of chemicals, their concentration and treated periods affect germination of Aster glehni FR. The germination percentage of Aster glehni FR. seed was higher in 20 and 25$^{\circ}C$ than the others, but it dropped rapidly at 30$^{\circ}C$ and didn't germinate at 35$^{\circ}C$. The first day to germination was the slowest at 15$^{\circ}C$. The germination rate of Aster glehni FR seed increased with increasing with temperatures from 15 to 25$^{\circ}C$. But the seed was rotten easily in high temperature. The germination rate was shown highest in 25$^{\circ}C$, and next was 15, 20, 30$^{\circ}C$ in order. Light treatment enhanced germination percentage, the first day to germination, germination rate and T50, but there was no significant difference. The 3 hours priming treatments had more effect on germination percentage than 30 minutes treatments as comparing averages. Aster glehni FR seeds primed in $KNO_3+K_3PO_4$ for 3 hours had most eHective on germination percentage (83.3%) and also showed shortest $T_{50{\cdot}}T_{50}$ and day of first germination was better in 30 minutes than 3 hours treatments, and most of priming treatments were better than control(non-priming seeds). While priming seeds showed shorter day of first gemination than control, there was no significant difference between 30 minutes and 3 hours treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.73-85
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• 1991

Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum, native species is a shrub that has white flowers on May to June, and rare species endangered by people's rash digging or cutting. But its physiological ecological characteristics and propagation method are not being known at all. Therefore, this study was executed to utilize this species as the planting material for landscaping by analysing its habitat environment and growth form, and also experimenting its seed and vegetative propagation, and it field culture and utilization. The results are as follows; 1. The elevation, gradient and direction of this species were 295-1,350m, 10-36$^{\circ}$, northwest respectively. It was found that the species is shade-liking plant that grows under forest cover of average 51.33%. 2. The soil pH and water content of its habitat were 5.4, 25.41% respectively. The organic matter content was 6.29% that was higher than 3.2%, the average organic matter content of forest soil in Korea. 3. Representative plant community within which this species was living was Quercus mongolica community, and its main neighboring species were Lindea obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii, Rododendron mucronulatum. 4. The leaf length and width of this species were 39.18mm, 12.60mm respectively. This result showed that generally its leaf size was larger than that of R. micranthum, R. yedoense var. poukhanense and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum and smaller than that of R. mucronulatum and R. schlippenbachii. 5. The whole size of its pollen was, as 59${\times}$61$\mu\textrm{m}$, the largest of plants of Rhododendron family including R. mucronulatum and R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum. 6. The result of seed germination experiment at intervals of 5$^{\circ}C$ from 15$^{\circ}C$ to 30$^{\circ}C$ presented the highest germination rate of 94.7% at 20$^{\circ}C$ numerically, but high percent germination at all temperature levels without significant difference. And the seed of this plant proved to be sun-liking seed at requiring dormancy in germination. 7. Through seed germination experiment by treatment of growth regulators such as GA. Thiourea and Kinetin under dark condition, it was found that the effect of GA treatment on germination increase and acceleration was the highest. 8. In greenwood cutting, rooted rate by treatment of various concentration of IBA and NAA on clay and vermiculite bed was not wholly high, but 100ppm plots of both IBA and NAA of clay bed showed relatively good rooted rate. 9. As result of field culture experiment for finding out optimum growth temperature and light intensity, growth conditions such as height, number of leaves, fresh weight and chlorophyll contents were the best at night/day temperature of 20/25$^{\circ}C$ and under 1/2sun. Also, the photosynthetic rate was the highest at 25$^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it was found that optimum temperature and light intensity for growth of this plant are 25$^{\circ}C$ (day temperature), 50% of natural light respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) was traditionally propagated by its rhizomes but seed propagation has not been practiced due to their dormancy and high price. To improve the seedling production through seed pretreatments, the experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seedcoat softening and seed prechilling on seed germination and bulbil formation of the seal. The prechilling was done for 4 to 16 weeks at $3^{\circ}C$ and the softening was forced with 10% KOH for 40 minutes. Seed germination, bulbil formation and length, no. of root and root length were measured at 6 and 12 weeks after sowing. Seed germination and bulbil formation were greater at 8 to 12 week prechilling than at shorter or longer treatment when only the prechilling was enforced. Prechilling had greater effect compared to seed coat softening. In addition, the softening treatment before prechilling showed higher germination and bulbil formation compared to single treatment of them. The softening treatment prior to prechilling was better than the reverse treatment in number of root except the above two characters. Duration of prechilling treatment was able to be shortened below 8 weeks when the softening treatment was applied before prechilling.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.295-299
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine seed characteristics of Artemisia capillaris and the effects of different temperature and light on its seed germination, and of sowing date on its growth and yield. A seed of A. capillaris, 0.79 mm in length diameter, 0.39 mm in width diameter and 0.054 g in thousand-kernel weight, was extremely small, vertical pinstripes in the surface of seed, and long oval of dark brown in shape, and its maturity occurred September to October. A germination rate was superior at light conditions and 20 to $25^{\circ}C$ in temperature. Although its germination became shorter as the higher temperature. Its emergence rate was the highest in sowing at March 30. But the growth and yield potential was the best when sowed at March 20. The earlier the sowing date, the higher yield.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1995

Theses studies were conducted to clarify the germinating characteristics of seed treated with different temperature, light, and ($Gibberellin(GA_3)$) to produce the homogeneous seedlings Angelicogigas NAKAI. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Rate and speed of germinating at $25^{\circ}C$ were higher than $15^{\circ}C$and $20^{\circ}C$ by 87.3% and 68.9% and also the required day for germination at 25°C was shortest by 14.1 days. Germination rate at the light condition was 90.7% and that at the dark was 65.7%. Germinating ability of seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$and $-10^{\circ}C$ for 165 days as dried states was 92.0% and 91.3%, while that at room temperature was 50.3%, but the longer storage of seed than 165 days decreased the ability. Gibberellin treatment by 10ppm to seed stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and by 6ppm to seed stored at $-10^{\circ}C$ increased the germination rate more by 20.9% and 31.7% than nontreated seed.