• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2003

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of perceived risks toward GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) food on the decision-making to purchase it and demands to reveal its Identity. The major results were as follows. First, consumers strongly perceived the risk toward GMO food, and demanded labeling to identify it. But, many consumers had indecisive in the purchase of GMO food. Second, consumers with high level of perceived risks toward GMO food were more likely not to buy GMO food. In addition, the level of perceived risk was high among consumers who had many children. Finally, consumers with high level of perceived risks toward GMO food were more likely to demand the labelling for identifying GMO food. Consumers who had many children and high level of reliability for labelling food safety strongly demanded to label for revealing GMO food.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

The goal of this study was to examine which factors influence consumers' demands to reveal the identity of GMO(Genetically Modified Organism) food, risk perception, and decision-making to purchase it. Consumers perceived its risk, and demanded labeling to identify it. Not many consumers wanted to buy GMO food. The results also revealed as follows. First, the level of demand to label for identifying GMO food were high among female consumers, consumers with negative attitude, and consumers severly perceived its risk. The level of perceived risk was high among consumers who were old and had high income, exercised their own healthy programs, showed negative attitude toward GMO food, and demanded strongly for labelling. Second, old consumers, consumers with high income, consumers concerning more about health, consumers with negative attitude and strong demand to label for identifying GMO food were more likely to perceive risk highly for GMO food. Third, consumers' attitudes and the level of perceived risks for GMO food significantly influenced the decision-making to purchase GMO food. However, other variables turned out not to affect consumers' decision-making to purchase it.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to review various aspects of society on Genetically Modified Organism(GMO) in the view point of environmental sociology. There were many assertions related to GMO, and application of biotechnology. Some people assert GMO as harmful to human health, and some people as not harmful, however, there were no proven evidences to report. Through the literature review, this study intended; 1) to identify the present condition of GMO, 2) to weigh the pros against cons of views on GMO, 3) to study an aspect of society on GMO, and 4) to assert its necessity to mark GMO or not, because citizens have a rights to know natural or GMO. Based on the conclusions of this study, following recommendations were offered: 1) To review continually the GMO in the view point of environmental sociology especially in the areas of food safety, biosafety, trade, and public research investment, and 2) further detailed studies of GMO may necessary to ensure safety to human health and environment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1150-1156
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• 2004

The GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) labeling system on raw materials has been in Korea since March 2001, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-derived foods since July 2001. Therefore, we designed a multiplex PCR method to ascertain the validity of the labeling system and to monitor the status of circulation for genetically modified maize (GM Maize). Five lines of GM Maize (GA21, TC1507, Mon810, NK603, and Bt176) were used, and specific primer pairs were designed to detect each line. Using this method, the different lines of GM Maize were monitored from raw products and processed foods in Korean market. Some of the maize processed foods and raw materials were shown to contain more than one foreign gene. This method was found to be effective for-detecting five different GM Maize in a single reaction.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.338-344
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• 2009

This study analyzed consumers' willingness to pay for price increases to avoid the purchase of GM foods by the expansion of GMO labeling. The subjects were asked about their knowledge of GM, concerns of potential hazards, and sources of obtained GM information. The logit model was employed and marginal effects were calculated to interpret the results. The results showed that consumers who perceived the safety of GM technology were less likely to pay for price increases, while consumers who had concerns about GM foods were more likely to pay. In addition, the study demonstrated that consumers residing in urban areas and with low levels of education and income were also less likely to pay for price increases.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2018

'New Breeding Techniques (NBTs)' have been one of hot issues, since their future will be affected profoundly by national as well as international regulatory landscapes. In this review, we compare characteristics of NBTs with conventional and genetic modification, and analyze genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory systems in the context of possible regulation of NBTs. NBTs are very heterogeneous in terms of principles, methodologies, and final products. As Living Modified Organisms (LMO) is defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) as an organism containing novel combination of genetic materials obtained by the use of modern biotechnology, CPB as well as other national legislations locate itself somewhere in the middle between product-based and process-based regulations. It is also noted that jurisdictions with regulatory systems more oriented to product-based one tend to be more productive and decide or may decide to exempt site-directed nucleases-1 from GMO regulation. In this context, Korean legislations are reviewed to clarify the commons and differences in GMO definitions. Act on Transboundary Movement of LMO Act, Food Sanitation Act and Agricultural and Fishery Products Quality Control Act are three major acts to regulate GMOs. It is noted that there are differences in the definition of LMO or GM food/products especially between the LMO Act and the Food Sanitation Act. Such differences may cause conflicts between Acts when policy-decision regarding the regulation of NBTs is made. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize legislations before policies regarding the regulation of any techniques from biotechnology are made.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.17-34
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• 2000

This paper is aim to report the core aspects of Codex guideline for organically grown food which is finalized by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission on May 2000 in 28th session of the Codex committee on food labelling. The chapter of animal production had discussed for a long time before it was finalized in Ottawa/canada as well as use of GMO(Genetically modified organism), manure from factory farming, animal welfare, and fodder inputs consisting of at least 85% for ruminants and 80% for non-ruminants. As the guideline for Codex set out the several things which is very difficult for Asian country, Organic farmer in Korea should pay an attention to maintain/increase the fertility and biological activity by cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting plants in an appropriate multi-annual rotation programme, and incorporation in the soil of organic material from holding producing in accordance with the guidelines. Pest, diseases and weeds should be controlled by choice of appropriate varieties, appropriate rotation, mechanical cultivation, diversified ecosystems, flame weeding, animal weeding and steam sterilization. The use of plant growth hormone, GMO and manure from industrial management system are not allowed, and closed recycling system, rotation, resistant seeds again pest and disease should be practiced in organic farming. But these are not unfortunately practiced in the country. In the conclusion it was strongly suggested to enact the Basic Standard for Korean organic agriculture which contains the core principles of Codex guidelines, and to try the importation of the most advanced theory, skills and technology from leading country in organic farming.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.810-814
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• 2004

본 연구는 농촌진흥청에서 개발된 유전자 변형 식품의 영양적 안전성을 검토하기 위하여 수행되었다. 발이 우리의 주식인 점을 고려하여 우선 안전성 이 검토되어야 할 시험 재료로 선정하였고, 유전자 변형(제초제 저항성) 쌀의 실질적 동등성 구명을 위해 일반 및 미량 영양소의 함량을 분석하였으며, 대표적 취약 계층인 노령기 모델에서 유전자 변형 쌀을 가지고 안전성을 검토하였다. 특히 항생제 저항성 유전자 마커가 현미 에 있을 수 있고 열처리시 변화될 수 있음을 고려하여 유전자 변형 품종의 현미 및 현미밥과 모종인 일품의 현미 및 현미밥으로 배합한 실험식이를 8주간 급여하였다. 그 결과 시험재료의 영양성분 함량에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 실험식이를 급여하였을 때 모든 실험 동물에서 임상적 증상, 조직의 외형이나 무게 및 혈청 생화학적 지표에 차이가 없었다. 그러므로 본 실험에 사용된 유전자 변형 품종(제초제 저항성 )의 현미와 현미밥 모두 노령기 실험동물에 어떠한 부정적 영향도 미치지 않은 것으로 보인다. 그러나 유전자 변형식품의 안전성에 대해 종 더 보완된 in uiuo 실험법의 확립과 장기간의 급여에 따른 영향검토가 필요하고, 본 연구의 시험재료는 단지 제초제 저항성 품종의 현미에 대한 것으로 다른 유전자 변형 식품의 안전성에 대해서는 계속적인 확인 실험이 있어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1390-1394
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• 2008

선행연구에서 Arabidopsis thaliana $Ca^{2+}/H^+$ 역수송체 유전자인 CAX 1 ($\underline{ca}tion$ $e{\underline{x}}changer$ 1)이 도입된 벼 형질전환체의 $T_3$ 종자는 대조구에 비해 $2.7{\sim}7.5$배 정도 높은 칼슘을 함유하고 있음을 확인한 바 있다. 이 $T_3$ 종자 유래 현미의 생리학적 안전성을 조사하기 위해, 일품현미를 대조구로 하여 생쥐 식이 실험을 수행하고 체중 및 말초 백혈구 수의 변화를 조사하였다. 일 개월 동안의 식이의 결과, $T_3$ 현미의 경우는 체중의 변화량 혹은 말초 백혈구의 수에 있어서 대조구인 일품현미의 경우와 거의 차이가 없었다. 체액성 면역능의 지표인 플라크-형성능, 복강 대식세포의 수, 그리고 NK 세포의 활성도 등을 비롯한 면역기능에 대한 영향에 있어서도 대조구와 유사하였다. 아울러 혈액의 생화학적 분석조사에서도 두 실험군 사이에 별다른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과는 GMO 벼 유래의 $T_3$ 현미가 생리학적으로 안전하며 또한 칼슘함량이 강화된 동물사료 혹은 식품으로 적용될 수 있는 잠재능이 있음을 시사한다. 한편 장기적 안전성에 대한 평가를 위해서는 좀 더 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1030-1035
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• 2003

농업생명공학 산업의 발달과 더불어 유전자변형 농산물(GMO)이 개발 및 유통됨에 따라 농약, 노동력의 절감 및 식량난 해결에 도움을 줄 수 있는 반면, 독성, 알러지 유발, 항생제 내성 등 식품으로 섭취될 때 인체에 미치는 영향에 대한 문제가 국제적으로 논의되고 있다. 우리나라 농촌진흥청에서도 여러 유전자 변형 농산물이 개발되고 있으나 일반화에 앞서 그 안전성이 검토되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구팀은 쌀이 우리의 주식인 점을 고려하여 우선 안전성이 검토되어야 할 시험재료로 선정하였고, 영양성분 측면에서의 실질적 동등성과 취약 계층에서의 안전성 검토를 위해 영양성분 분석 후 유전자 변형 쌀을 성장기 흰쥐에게 6주간 급여하였다. 특히 항생제 저항성 유전자마커가 현미에 있을 수 있다는 보고를 고려하여 유전자 변형 품종의 백미밥과 현미밥을 모종인 일품의 백미밥 및 현미밥으로 나누어 처리한 후 실험식이를 급여하였다. 그 결과 시험재료의 영양성분 함량에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 실험식이를 급여하였을 때 모든 실험동물에서 임상적 증상, 조직의 외형이나 무게 및 혈중 영양성분 함량 등의 측면에 차이가 없었다. 그러므로 본 실험에 사용된 유전자 변형 품종(제초제 저항성)은 도정 정도에 상관없이 백미와 현미 모두 6주간 급여시 성장기 실험동물에 어떠한 부정적 영향도 미치지 않은 것으로 보인다. 그러나 유전자 변형 식품의 안전성에 대해 좀 더 보완된 in vivo 실험법의 확립과 1년 이상 장기간의 급여에 따른 영향 검토도 필요하고, 본 연구의 시험재료는 단지 제초제 저항성 품종의 백미와 현미에 대한 것으로 유전자 변형 목적 및 대상 식품의 다양성에 따른 안전성은 다시 검증되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.