• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.93-123
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• 1986

The aim of this study is to propose the desirable plan of the diagnostic radiology department in general hospital. The main contents and results of this study are as follows. 1. By investigating and analyzing the activities and circulation of the patients and staffs in diagnostic radiology department, the activity model of the department was extracted. 2. The types of operating system of the department were extracted and activity model by the operating systems were made. 3. The types of the plan of the department were classified into three types, such as confusing-corridor type, separated-corridor type and contract type. 4. After dividing them into eight types in detail, the merits and demerits of each type were analyzed. 5. Among those types contact types were evaluated best in comparison with the other types in terms of efficiency of staff's work, access of patients to staffs and reduction of staffs movement.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.87-96
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• 2000

With the change of funeral customs, funeral facilities in general hospitals are prevailing in recent years. In order to cope with this change, many funeral facilities are built in hospitals in significant sizes. Architectural considerations for funeral facilities are to be developed. In this research, based on the case analysis of the funeral facilities which are in operation, characteristics of spatial composition in those facilities are analyzed from the viewpoint of users and the result is organized in to a set of proposed guidelines for their space design. The analysis includes definition and classification of functional space, plan type, circulation and spatial atmosphere.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.18
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• pp.44-50
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to suggest reasonable composition and layout of a nurse station and attached spaces-which are central sector of patient caring in the inpatient department- in the view of funtional efficiency. The method of this study is examining other studies and case study of inpatient department in general hospitals. through this research we find out the plan type of inpatient department and layout of nurse station and attached spaces in the view of 'the efficiency of circulation' and 'the easiness of observation' . It is also found out that the nursing delivery system effects to the composition and layout of nurse station attached spaces. Therefore, the efficient design of inpatient department by this study can accomplish 'patient-focused' medical environment and aid to develop their health.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.307-307
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• 2019

General Ciculation Model (GCM) 모형에 대한 평가를 본 연구에서 수행한다. 모형의 적용을 위해서는 국지적 일 강우량 및 기온자료를 이용한다. 31개의 GCM 모의를 통해 도출되는 결과가 성능 평가에서 활용되었다. 일 최대, 최소 기온와 강우량이 파키스탄 지역을 대상으로 모의되었다. 모의를 위해서는 Gridded 데이터가 적용되었으며 각각 Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Toward Evaluation, Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature, Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing, Climate Prediction Centre에 해당된다. GCM의 순위를 결정하기 위해서는 Symmetrical Uncertainty 방법이 이용된다. 결과를 통해서 Gridded 데이터의 종류에 따라 가장 높은 효율을 나타내는 GCM의 공간 분포가 달라진다는 점을 확인하였다. 이러한 특성은 기온과 강우량 자료 모두에서 확인된다. 기온의 경우에는 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia-MK3-6-0과 Max Planck Institute-ESM-LR이 우수한 결과를 모의하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 강우량의 경우에는 EC-Earth와 MIROC가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 파키스탄 지역에서의 기온 및 강우량 자료의 합리적 반영을 위해서는 ACCESS1-3, CESM1-BGC, CMCC-CM, HadGEM2-CC, HadGEM2-ES, MIRCO5와 같은 6개 GCM을 이용하였을 때 다양한 기상 인자를 고려한 모의가 가능한 것으로 평가된다.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.643-658
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• 2022

Cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising option for treating advanced ischemic cardiovascular disease by inducing vascular regeneration. However, clinical trials with adult cells turned out disappointing in general. As a newer approach, direct reprogramming has emerged to efficiently generate endothelial cells (ECs), which can promote neovascularization and vascular regeneration. This review provides recent updates on the direct endothelial reprogramming. In general, directly reprogrammed ECs can be generated by two approaches: one by transitioning through a plastic intermediate state and the other in a one-step transition without any intermediate states toward pluripotency. Moreover, the methods to deliver reprogramming factors and chemicals for the fate conversion are highlighted. Next, the therapeutic effects of the directly reprogrammed ECs on animal models are reviewed in detail. Other applications using directly reprogrammed ECs, such as tissue engineering and disease modeling, are also discussed. Lastly, the remaining questions and foremost challenges are addressed.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.469-480
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• 2017

Controversy has surrounded the potential impacts of phytoplankton on the tropical climate, since climate models produce diverse behaviors in terms of the equatorial mean state and El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude. We explored biophysical impacts on the tropical ocean temperature using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a biogeochemistry model in which chlorophyll can modify solar attenuation and in turn feed back to ocean physics. Compared with a control model run excluding biophysical processes, our model with biogeochemistry showed that subsurface chlorophyll concentrations led to an increase in sea surface temperature (particularly in the western Pacific) via horizontal accumulation of heat contents. In the central Pacific, however, a mild cold anomaly appeared, accompanying the strengthened westward currents. The magnitude and skewness of ENSO were also modulated by biophysical feedbacks resulting from the chlorophyll affecting El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ and La $Ni{\tilde{n}}a$ in an asymmetric way. That is, El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ conditions were intensified by the higher contribution of the second baroclinic mode to sea surface temperature anomalies, whereas La $Ni{\tilde{n}}a$ conditions were slightly weakened by the absorption of shortwave radiation by phytoplankton. In our model experiments, the intensification of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ was more dominant than the dampening of La $Ni{\tilde{n}}a$, resulting in the amplification of ENSO and higher skewness.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.353-366
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• 2015

The impact of land and ocean initial condition on coupled general circulation model seasonal predictability is assessed in this study. The CGCM used here is Pusan National University Couple General Circulation Model (PNU CGCM). The seasonal predictability of the surface air temperature and ocean potential temperature for boreal winter are evaluated with 4 different experiments which are combinations of 2 types of land initial conditions (AMI and CMI) and 2 types of ocean initial conditions (DA and noDA). EXP1 is the experiment using climatological land initial condition and ocean initial condition to which the data assimilation technique is not applied. EXP2 is same with EXP1 but used ocean data assimilation applied ocean initial condition. EXP3 is same with EXP1 but AMIP-type land initial condition is used for this experiment. EXP4 is the experiment using the AMIP-type land initial condition and data assimilated ocean initial condition. By comparing these 4 experiments, it is revealed that the impact of data assimilated ocean initial is dominant compared to AMIP-type land initial condition for seasonal predictability of CGCM. The spatial and temporal patterns of EXP2 and EXP4 to which the data assimilation technique is applied were improved compared to the others (EXP1 and EXP3) in boreal winter 2m temperature and sea surface temperature prediction.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 2008

Kwak et al. (2008) found that the mean neutral wind pattern in the high-latitude lower thermosphere is dominated by rotational flow than by divergent flow. As an extension of the our previous work (Kwak et al. 2008), we performed a term analysis of vorticity equation that describes the driving forces for the rotational component of the horizontal wind in order to determine key processes that causes strong rotational flow in the high-latitude lower thermospheric winds. For this study the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR-TIEGCM) is used. The primary forces that determine variations of the vorticity are the ion drag term and the horizontal advection term. Significant contributions, however, can be made by the stretching term. The effects of IMF on the vorticity forces are seen down to around 105-110km.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.482-490
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• 2010

In this study 17 GCMs' simulations of late 20th century climate in Korea are examined. A regionally averaged time series formed by averaging the temperature and precipitation values at all the Korean grid points. In order to compare general circulation models with observations, observed spatially averaged temperature and precipitation is calculated using 24 stations for 1971 to 2000. The annual mean difference between models and observed data are compared. For temperature, most models have a slight cold bias. The models with least bias in annual average temperature are NIES(MIROC3.2 hires), GISS(AOM) and INGV(SXG2005). For precipitation, almost all models have a dry bias, and for some the bias exceeds 50%. Models with lowest bias are NIES(MIROC3.2 hires), CCCma(CGCM3-T47) and MPI-M(ECHAM5-OM). The models' simulated seasonal cycles show that for temperature, CSIRO(Mk3.0) has the best followed by CCCma(CGCM3-T47) and CCCma(CGCM3-T63), and for precipitation, NIES(MIROC3.2 hires) has the best followed by CSIRO(Mk3.0) and CNRM(CM3). In the assessment using Taylor diagram, CCCma(CGCM3-T47) ranks the best for temperature, and NIES(MIROC3.2 hires) ranks the best for precipitation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.245-258
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• 2006

We investigated seasonal variations of the upper ocean temperature and the mixed layer depth (MLD) in an eddy-permitting global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to assess the OGCM perfermance. The OGCM is based on the GFDL MOM3 which has a horizontal resolution of 0.5 degree and 30 vertical levels. The OGCM was integrated for 68 years using a monthly-mean climatological wind stress forcing. The model sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity were restored to the Levitus climatology with a time scale of 30 days. Annual-mean model SST shows a cold bias $(<\;-2^{\circ}C)$ in the summer hemisphere and a warm bias $(>\;1^{\circ}C)$ in the winter hemisphere mainly due to the restoring boundary condition of temperature. The model MLD captures well the observed features in most areas, with a slightly deep bias. However, in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea, the model shows significantly deeper MLD than the climatology-mainly due to weak salinity stratifications in the model. For amplitude of seasonal variation, the model SST is smaller $(1{\sim}3^{\circ}C)$ than the observation largely due to the restoring surface boundary condition while the model MLD has larger seasonal variation $({\sim}50m)$. It is suggested that for more realistic simulation of the upper ocean structure in the present eddy-permitting ocean model, more refinements in the surface boundary condition for the thermohaline forcing and parameterization for vertical mixing are required, together with the incorporation of a sea-ice model.