• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.4 s.76
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental trends in children's gender-role flexibility across different areas of gender-role concept(appearance, activities, occupations, personality trails). Participants included 74 children(1st, 3rd, 5th graders). They were interviewed on a series of 16 pictures depicting cross-gender characteristics. Analyses revealed that (a) flexibility reached its peak at around age 8, which then remained the same except in appearance, (b) girls showed higher flexibility than boys except in occupations, (c) children showed the lowest flexibility in appearance and the highest in occupations, (d) children showed the lowest flexibility toward a male target child with cross-gender characteristic, and (e) children's justifications for flexibility were varied according to the situations. The results suggest that children's gender-role flexibility is influenced by age, sex, areas of gender-role concept, and target persons.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2006

Gender role flexibility in social and non-social situations across 4 areas of gender-role concepts(appearance, activities, occupations, and personality traits) were studied in 74 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade children. They were interviewed with 16 pictures depicting cross-gender characteristics. Children showed higher flexibility in social than in non-social situations. In social situations, children justified cross-gender characteristics in all 4 areas of gender-role concept. In non-social situations, children showed (a) highest flexibility in occupations and lowest in appearance, (b) lower flexibility toward male than female target children, (c) peak flexibility at age 8, then remaining the same except for appearance, and (d) higher flexibility in girls than in boys. In social and non-social situations children gave variable justifications for flexibility.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.71-82
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• 2010

This study examined the effects of parent-, peer-, and teacher-attachment on development of career maturity via the mediating effects of self concept. There were 2844 elementary school students, ages 12 to 13 years old, who participated in the Korean Youth Panel Survey. All data were used for the analyses. Gender differences were found in most of the variables, including attachment, self concept, and career maturity. The Structural Equation Modeling technique applied to the data revealed that there were both concurrent and lagged effects of attachment and self concept on career maturity. It was found that self concept played a mediating role on career maturity.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-40
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to enhance the gender equality in rural area through develop Gender Equality Consciousness Improvement Education Program for rural couples. For these purposes, procedures conducted and results were as follows; 1) This study was conducted through the literature review and research data for gender equality of people in rural area. Based on the review and research data, It was developed gender equality consciousness improvement education program and evaluated sex-role complex through structured questionnaires. 2) This program was consisted of 4 sessions, namely, understanding on the concept and necessarity of gender equality, understanding on the man and woman, gender equality consciousness evaluation, and establishing on the equal man and woman role in rural community. Using program materials for educators, this program will be used effectively by professional worker in rural community.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.5 s.58
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• pp.790-803
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• 2005

This study purposes to examine the background of the sexual concept and femininity, masculinity and gender role in the fields of social psychology and cultural anthropology and investigate the traditional gender role and the fashion's changes according to its role and the examples of the masculinity and femininity expressed in the contemporary fashion and finally analyze the gender identity expressed in fashion. The image changes which appeared in the modern fashion can be considered to be Masculine Look, Garconne Look, Feminine Look, Unisex Look, Androgynous Look and Genderless Look. The Garconne Look caused lots of changes to masculinity in the 1920's along with the changes of femininity. With the effect of feminism, many females wore clothing which had been thought as male's clothing by the appearance of Masculine Look. The major formation reason of Unisex Look can be regarded as the attitude change of the society toward to females and a meaning which doesn't want the differences of the distinction of gender to appear any longer as a characteristic external factor is implied. Androgynous Look which appeared in the 1980's means the integration of femininity and masculinity which is the same meaning with 'androgyny' in itself, Not denying its gender characteristics individually, the Androgynous Look means that women aim at the masculine image in men's clothing or men do at the feminine image in women's clothing. Genderless Look can be considered to a look with a notion to wear clothing freely even in fashion transcending the border of masculinity and femininity differentiated socially and culturally.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.78-92
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• 2010

The culture phenomenon, which the desire of self expression is noticeable and the diversity of gender identity is widely accepted, simply makes a difference in the lifestyle of one human being rather than the dichotomous classification of male and female. Now, the delicate and aesthetic sensitivity classified as the feminine characteristics is no longer the exclusive property of female and this refers to substituting it as a social gender from the concept of biological sex. This phenomenon has influenced on the male culture and is creating various codes according to the cultural gender extended from the gender as a social role. Also, the transition into the western lifestyle has extended the aesthetic emotion to accommodate new codes from the diversification and globalization of lifestyle. The mansumer power, which does not care too much about the money for the emotionally attached items, has enabled various fashion styles. After analyzing the diversified clothing behavior conducted by these people in connection with the social phenomenon, First, this shows the phenomenon of emotional value pursuit that finds pleasure over the clothing as the item of augmented reality is added to the concept of play, in which the real space referred to as garment and virtual space of playing the rock, paper and scissors game meet together within the augmented reality. Second, the convergence concept has enabled the coordination of new style by obscuring the area of design concept and this refers to the changes in design from the development of new items and transformation into double-style details. Third, the divergence that intensively provides specific use/convenience and specialized value shows a change in the fashion market from the phenomenon that admits various gene rations of culture and specifically, takes differently about the recognition of middle-aged males. Fourth, the variety seeking tendency receives attention as the value of future design together with the phenomenon of discriminative value pursuit. In the male fashion, it is linked to the collaboration with the design area and this tells that the fashion with the narcissistic cross-dressing and motto of neutral gender without being sided to male/female is rising.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.394-404
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the conceptual structure of stressors experienced by nursing students during clinical practice. Methods: Ten men and 10 women nursing college students were interviewed. The results were 208 ideas. By synthesizing and editing these ideas, the final statement was trimmed down to 39 questions. The next step was to have the participants classify these 39 final questions. They were asked to rate stress scores using a five-point scale. Through multidimensional scaling analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis yielded dimensions and clusters. Results: Results of the study showed 2 dimensions which were classified as 'interpersonal relationship-practice system' and 'identity-practice environment'. It also yielded 8 clusters which were classified as 'role confusion', 'gender discrimination', 'attitudes of medical personnel and patients', 'comparison between fellow students', 'difference between theory and practice', 'disestablishing the role of practice guide', 'interference with training', and 'problems of the practice environment'. Further, stress factors and stress levels were differentiated depending on the gender of the student. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that educators who are developing clinical practice programs and clinical practitioners should consider stressors during clinical practice and the educational implications to nursing students.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2019

Gender might be interpreted in different roles and meanings depending on social and cultural backgrounds. Based on the premise that understanding of gender may change the direction of mathematics education, this paper confirmed how gender is interpreted in the preceding study of mathematics education in Korea by applying the literature research method. In particular, predictive model based on empirical perspective and gender schema model based on constructivist perspective. Based on the analysis of gender and research methods in cultural and historical composition models based on historical perspectives and postmodernism models based on postmodernism perspectives, this study analyzed trends in domestic mathematics education. As a result of the analysis, it is confirmed that gender is recognized as a biological difference in domestic mathematics education, and that analysis of gender and related elements of mathematics education is mainly used using statistical analysis techniques. This suggests that various approaches to interpreting gender's role in future mathematics education are needed. The existing mathematics education research on gender is composed in terms of gender differences. Since biology at the time did not explain this difference, however, it should now be based on the concept of gender, which is socially defined gender. Accurate understanding of gender and gender can be the basis for clearer understanding and interpretation of gender-related mathematics research.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.27-40
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• 2010

This study attempts to identify the process in which how the Myth of family and gender image are reproduced and taken in by the recipients through semiotics analysis of three versions consisting of children, husband and housewife series of SK corporate's TV advertisements from the last half of year 2009 to the first half of year 2010. The analysis of the corporate advertisements shows that each advertisement binds and stereotypes concept of family and gender to Myth of family, especially case of female, and consequently, the result through text analysis is that corporate advertisements reproduce and restructure traditional Myth of family and role of gender. Going forward, Family study requires to realize importance of effect of mass media, especially of TV advertisement, to research diverse case studies and searching about it.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2017

My aim in this paper is to provide a clear view of Victorian gender ideology and highlight the role played by Browning's dramatic monologues in the challenge against the strict patriarchal codes of the era. Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory in cinema is especially useful for understanding Browning's most well-known dramatic monologues, "Porphyria's Lover," and "My Last Duchess," because these poems are structured by polarities of looking and being looked at, the active and the passive. In her 1975 essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", Mulvey introduced the second-wave feminist concept of "male gaze" as a feature of gender power asymmetry in film. To gaze implies more than to look at – it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze. She declares that in patriarchal society pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. Browning's women are subject to the male gaze, but they refuse to become the objects of a scopophilic pleasure-in-looking. Porphyria and the Duchess don't exist in order to satisfy the desires and pleasures of men. They reveal themselves as an autonomous being - reserved in Victorian gender dynamics for men. Mulvey advocates 'an alternative cinema' which can challenges the male-dominated Hollywood ideology. It is possible to say that Browning's dramatic monologues correspond to Mulvey's 'alternative cinema' because they show a counterview in terms of the representation of woman against the Victorian patriarchal ideology.