• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.652-665
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify job experiences of male hospital nurses. Methods: Data were collected from 20 male nurses working at general hospitals, through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Using content analysis, data were coded and categorized. Results: The analyzed domains were motivations for choosing nursing, occupational experiences (3 subdomains), and attitudes toward the future. A total of 85 significant statements were selected from the data and classified into 32 categories. The nurses' motivations for choosing nursing were advantages of employment, their aptitude, scarcity value of men, professionalism and job security, good promotion, stable income, and family influence. In occupational experiences, they were assigned to special fields and dissatisfied with vertical relationship, promotion system, their salary, and gaps in military service time; they had difficulties in adapting to female-dominated groups and encountered gender role stereotype and preconception; they were satisfied with their distinguished performance, but had damaged self-esteem, and were stressed and disappointed in their work. In their attitudes toward the future, they considered their career changes, but tried to make professional and personal advancement. Conclusion: These findings have implications for recruiting and retaining male nurses in clinical settings.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.492-500
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to identity the effects of distributive justice and procedural justice on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in hospital personnels. Method: The subjects were 181 employee who were working at 4 hospitals in Daegu and Gyeongbuk. Data was collected using structured questionnaire from Oct 4 to 24, 2007. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression. Result: The mean score of distributive justice was 3.24, procedural justice was 3.05, job satisfaction was 2.73 and organizational commitment was 2.65. The distributive justice(37.5%) and gender(1.6%) explained 39.1% of the variables in the job satisfaction. The organizational commitment was significantly influenced by distributive justice(27.8%), age(8.9%), procedural justice(2.8%) and gender(2.4%). These factors explained 41.8% of the variables in the organizational commitment. Conclusion: The distributive justice is the most important factor in promoting job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Therefore, It is necessary to operate proper compensation system based on fair performance evaluation of workers in hospital.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.325-336
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study was to find the roles of sex related clothes. The result of the study showed that he effects of sex related clothes were vast and strong. 1. It appeared that sex related clothes affected the wearer's outside aspects and also inferred the wearer's inside characteristics. Subjects judged the wearer's sex by sex related clothes, and confidence in judgement about the wear's sex also appeared stronger when cue of sex related clothes is more clear than being ambiguous. Judging the model's impression when subjects evaluated other's appearance and personality ,clothes affected it and clothes also had a strong impact when subject inferred others's characteristics such as ability and activity. Among the three kinds of sex related cue like men's clothes, women's clothes and ambiguous clothes, when a model wore men's clothes, he mode's impression judged by the subjects was most favorable and positive. But respondents sex role identity appeared that it didn't affected the judgement of the wearer's sex, evaluation and inference of wearer's characteristics. But this result didn't match with the gender schema theory.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.29-41
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• 2006

Various current events provide evidence that society is undergoing changes in perceptions of social relationships. Specifically, visual media in the form of advertisements can convey images which reflect society's values and concepts about role relationships. The purpose of this research was to examine ads in fashion magazines to determine what types of model roles and role relationships typically appear in fashion advertising which can mirror society's values. A content analysis was conducted of ads obtained from US Vogue and US GQ for the year 2002. Six kinds of roles/relationships were found: (1) Narcissism (representing self absorption), (2) sexually enticing opposite-sex relationships, (3) close/romantic same-sex relationships, (4) friend relationships, (5) family relationships, and (6) independent relationships. Of these, narcissism predominated, however, a small number of sexually provocative ads appeared as well as same-sex romantic relationships. Because sole (single) models were more typical, they also were examined to determine ways in which they relate to the audience. Characteristics examined included body presentation & pose, eye gaze, and facial expression. Direct eye gaze was the typical way to engage the audience. Gender differences were apparent: smiling was more typical of women, indifference for men. The symbolic meaning and values investigated from this research are the blurring of gender identity portrayed in homosexual imagery, family values, and the value of youth. The consistency of models' race in ads does not portray the diversity reflected in the demographic census.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.394-404
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the conceptual structure of stressors experienced by nursing students during clinical practice. Methods: Ten men and 10 women nursing college students were interviewed. The results were 208 ideas. By synthesizing and editing these ideas, the final statement was trimmed down to 39 questions. The next step was to have the participants classify these 39 final questions. They were asked to rate stress scores using a five-point scale. Through multidimensional scaling analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis yielded dimensions and clusters. Results: Results of the study showed 2 dimensions which were classified as 'interpersonal relationship-practice system' and 'identity-practice environment'. It also yielded 8 clusters which were classified as 'role confusion', 'gender discrimination', 'attitudes of medical personnel and patients', 'comparison between fellow students', 'difference between theory and practice', 'disestablishing the role of practice guide', 'interference with training', and 'problems of the practice environment'. Further, stress factors and stress levels were differentiated depending on the gender of the student. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that educators who are developing clinical practice programs and clinical practitioners should consider stressors during clinical practice and the educational implications to nursing students.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.23-43
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of consumer problems involving the use of online game services in Korea. This study analyzed the consumer damage cases by age and type that were reported to the Korea Consumer Protection Board (KCPB). The results of this study are as follows: The online game complaints varied by age. In the case of children, most complaints involved phone charging online game fees without parents' consent. There were similarities in the victimization of teens and children according to reason for complaint, handling result and type of damage. However, based on method of charging, mobile phone and credit card payments were causes in the case of teen victimization. Meanwhile, complaints among adults showed more complexity than the previous two groups such as cases relating to online game companies illegally seizing game items and game accounts, and charging fees for unused services caused by identity theft. By type of charging method, most complaints involved phone and mobile phone payments. According to the analysis result of online game victims, the monetary damage of consumers did not differ among socio-demographic variables such as age, residence, gender and occupation but there was difference in the method of charging. In the handling period, differences could be seen by age, year, gender and type of damage.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-199
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• 2012

Saman, a novel written by Ayu Utami, has been recognized as the symbol of the politico-social changes, which began to occur since the collapse of Suharto' New Order regime in 1998. In the novel, Ayu Utami showed the spirits of resistance against various absurd socio-political circumstances during the New Order era such as pressure on discussion, abuse of power, politics-business collusion, patriarchism, and suppression of gender. In representing those spirits, Ayu Utami used unconventional structure-making, fresh feedback and multilayered descriptions of the figures, which brought her a fame as the pioneer of the Fragrant Literature (Angkatan Wangi or chick-lit). Ayu Utami particularly criticized that, under the name of sustaining the national integrity and identity, the New Order regime enhanced patriarchal system, which consequently infringed gender equality and women's rights to self-determination. In addition, Ayu Utami argued that the abuse of power and politics-business collusion, which were prevalent during the New Order period, destroyed lives of the masses and the Indonesian society.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1017-1034
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• 2021

The "Escape the corset" movement raises the question of gender norms in dressing by rejecting the socially established ideal women's clothing. The context is similar to Rational dress of the 19th century, which claimed that women could also wear pants. Cartoons and webtoons reflect the characteristics of each era, including images and stories, and express social problems of the time implicitly and satirically. Thus, this study examined women's clothes expressed in cartoons and webtoons and analyzed their characteristics. The results are as follows. As an expression to the recipient of both clothes, women tried to form their identity through a rational attitude and break away from their embellishment, which was regarded as oppression from society. On the other hand, as an expression of the attitude of others towards the recipient of both clothes, people argued the changed appearance of women as a non-ideal form which should be corrected. This study is significant for proving that the dressing contains gender norms of the time beyond the trends.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.699-705
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• 2005

Transgender is the severe type of gender identity disorder. The prevalence rate of transgender is reported to occur to about 1 out of 50,000 men, and about 1 out of 10,000 women. As for Korea, it is estimated to have about 1400 transgender patients. Lately, not only the numbers of them are increasing but also they are influencing our society increasingly. As for female transgender patients, they take female hormone for a long term before and even after the operation to maintain their physical identity of female. We have analyzed insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1), insulin like growth factor protein binding-3(IGFBP-3), female hormone, male hormone and thyroid hormone in female transgender patients who have undergone the gender reassignment operation. We examined the changes of hormone level due to having female hormone steadily, and also examined how the steady use of the hormone could affect body organs. As for IGF-1, it showed significantly low in the female transgender group compared to control ($319.30{\pm}37.4$ vs $539{\pm}55.0$, p<0.05). As for IGFBP-3, there was no significant difference ($2859{\pm}200.3$ vs $2607{\pm}262.5$, p>0.05). As for female hormone, there was no significant differences in FSH($13.42{\pm}13.8$ vs $8.95{\pm}3.5$, p>0.05), estradiol($104.41{\pm}97.1$ vs $121.68{\pm}60.2$, p>0.05), and LH($7.62{\pm}5.6$ vs $7.4{\pm}3.3$, p>0.05). Even in comparison of testosterone, there was no significant differences($0.23{\pm}0.09$ vs $0.33{\pm}1.33$, p>0.05). As for thyroid hormone, there was no significant differences in TSH and free T4($1.34{\pm}0.94$ vs $1.71{\pm}0.12$, $1.4{\pm}0.37$ vs $1.46{\pm}0.17$, p>0.05). Therefore, this study concludes that apart from the decreased level of IGF-1, the possible endocrine side-effect problem due to female hormone seems to be low because there was no differences of female, male, and thyroid hormone level compared with normal female. Further study will be required in metabolic change including bone metabolism occurred by decrease level of IGF-I.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.68-77
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the relevance and different factors having an impact on sexual assertiveness and sex stereotypes for the attitude among nursing students toward homosexuality. A survey was conducted on 253 nursing students in D city using a self-report questionnaire. The data was collected from April 11 to April 20, 2019 and it was then analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlations and multiple regression using SPSS 22.0. The average of sexual assertiveness in the nursing students was $4.44{\pm}0.37$, and the average of sex stereotypes was $2.08{\pm}0.58$, and the average of attitude toward homosexuality was $2.75{\pm}0.37$. The attitude toward homosexuality according to the general characteristics differed among religions (F=13.32, p<.000), religious life (F=20.43, p<.000) and method of parenting (F=2.74, p<.044). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between sexual assertiveness and the attitude toward homosexuality (r=-0.13, p=.034). Also, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between sex stereotypes and the attitude toward homosexuality (r=0.24, p<.000). Religion, religious life and sex stereotypes were the influential factors. Models that included the variables explained 23.1% of the variance for the attitude toward homosexuality. Thus, it is necessary to create an interventional strategy related to nursing student' attitude towards homosexuality so as to develop a practical educational program for promoting healthy gender identity.