• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.286-297
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• 1994

The optimum nutritional and cultural conditions of polygalacturonase by Ganoderma lucidum in liquid culture were studied. The optimal temperature, pH, and the duration of culture for production of the enzyme was $30^{\circ}C$, 5.5 and 14 days, respectively. The maximal production of the enzyme was obtained in a synthetic medium containing 10 g of pectin, 10 g of soluble starch, 1 g of yeast extract, 2 g of peptone, 1 g of phenylalanine, 2 g of $KH_2PO_4$, 0.2 g of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05 g of $CaCI_2$ and 100 g of $thiamin{\cdot}HCI$ in 1000 ml of distilled water.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.491-495
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• 1998

A fungal disease of the cultivated mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, caused by Xylogone sphaerospora was epidemic throughout all cultivation areas in Korea which caused a lot of yield losses in the mushroom production. For controlling the disease, the screening of effective fungicides against the pathogenic fungus were conducted. Thirty seven commercially available fungicides were tested for their inhibitory activities on potato dextrose agar media supplemented with these fungicides at various concentrations. Twenty one fungicides significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen, Xylogone sphaerospora, but 16 fungicides had no inhibitory effect. Among these 21 fungicides, 17 fungicides also inhibited mycelial growth of Ganoderma lucidum as well, but imazalil, procymidone, triforine, and vinclozolin had no inhibitory effects. However, vinclozolin showed no inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of the mushroom even at the concentration of 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml vinclozolin solution for 2 hours, and then the pathogen was inoculated. After two month-cultivation of the mushroom, over 90% of logs treated with vinclozolin without pathogen inoculation produced fruiting bodies. However, fruiting bodies were not produced form the logs inoculated with the pathogen, but not treated with vinclozolin. Fifty seven percent of logs. which were pre-treated with vinclozolin and then inoculated with the pathogen produced fruiting bodies. Based on the results, vinclozolin is effective for the control of yellow disease of the Ganoderma lucidum caused by Xylogone sphaerospora.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 1987

These studies were attempted to investigate the preventive effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract administered concurrently with glutathione on the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in rats. S-GOT and S-GPT activities of all the pre-treatment groups were significantly decreased, as compared with those of the control intoxicated by $CCl_4$. The concurrent administrations of Ganoderma lucidum extract with glutathione (100+100mg/kg, 200+100mg/kg, and 400+100mg/kg, respectively) were more effective than the individual administrations. i.e., Ganaderma lucidtcm extract (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively) and glutathione (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, respectively). On the determination of lipid-peroxidation in liver, the concurrent administrations of Ganoderma lucidum extract with glutathione (100+100mg/kg, and 200+100mg/kg, respectively) significantly reduced the liver TBA values. Although hepatic cellular necrosis and fatty acid deposit were remarkably increased by $CCl_4$ intoxication, the concurrent administration of Ganoderma lucidum extract with glutathione (200+100mg/kg) reduced the pathological changes of parenchymal cell necrosis and fatty changes around centrilobalar area of the control. These findings indicate that the concurrent administrations of Ganoderma lucidum extract with glutathione showed better improvements than the individual administrations of them in all pathological aspects, in particular, against hepatitis and hepatic necrosis due to the cellular necrosis and fatty infiltration.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.194-196
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• 1989

Effects of temperature and aeration on the formation of non-basidiocarpous basidiospores of Ganoderma lucidum were examined. The spores were produced most early and abundantly at $30^{\circ}C$ on PDA. No spores were formed at 15 and $35^{\circ}C$. For the formation of the spores, aeration was essential. The spores were rarely produced under the condition of saturated humidity.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.313-316
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• 2009

To determine the optimal medium conditions for the detection of the cellulolytic activity in Ganoderma lucidum, we varied three media conditions: dye reagent, pH, and temperature. First, we evaluated the use of four dyes, Congo Red, Phenol Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue, and Trypan Blue. To observe the effect of pH on the chromogenic reaction, we also made and tested various media spanning acidic and alkaline pHs, ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Furthermore, in order to research the effect of temperature on the clear zone and the fungus growing zone, we tested temperatures ranging from 15 to $35{^{\circ}C}$. On the whole, the best protocol called for Ganoderma lucidum transfer onto media containing Congo red with pH adjusted to 7.0, followed by incubation at $25{^{\circ}C}$ for 5 days. Our results will be useful to researchers who aim to study extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma lucidum.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.547-553
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• 1998

For the efficient production of a new exo-polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum ASI 7004, the optimum conditions and methods in submerged cultivation were investigated with an airlift fermenter system. The optimum aeration rate was 2.5 Wm at the initial pH 5.0 and 28$^{\circ}C$. The increase of dissolved oxygen concentration by pure oxygen supply during cultivation did not improved the exo-polysaccaride production and the mycelial growth. The maximum exo-polysaccharide production and the mycelial growth under the optimum culture condition were obtained in media of glucose 60g/L, yeast extract 6g/L, (NH4)2HPO4 1g/L and KH2PO4 0.5g/L. Under these optimum medium and culture conditions, about 7.15g/L of exo-polysaccharide and 13.9g/L of mycelial growth were producted, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2004

$\beta$-Immunan was proteoglycan obtained from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. In this study, the protective effects of $\beta$-Immunan, against the CDDP induced in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo renal toxicity, was measured. Concentration dependent cytotoxicities of CDDP in normal kidney cells (Vero, TCMK-l) were reduced by $\beta$-Immunan treatment. Increased renal toxicity factors, such as elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, reduction of kidney weight and malonidialdehyde (MDA), by intraperitoneal administration of CDDP in rats was improved. These results indicated that $\beta$-Immunan have a protective effects against the CDDP induced renal toxicity, however, it needed to confirm the detailed mechanism for therapeutic effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1521-1523
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• 2010

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum gave a pure cholesterol esterase inhibitor. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data from the literature, the structure of this compound was identified as $5{\alpha},8{\alpha}$-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-$3{\bet}$-ol (compound I). This compound inhibited cholesterol esterase activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $42{\mu}M$. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that compound I is a noncompetitive inhibitor. The findings of this study suggest that compound I may be the active principle of the hypocholesterolemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.641-649
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• 2001

In this study, the antitumor activities were investigated using $\beta$-lmmunan, a proteoglycan obtained from cultured mycelia of the IY009 strain of Ganoderma lucidum belonging to basidiomycetes. The result showed the significant effect of cytotoxicity test against murine sarcoma 180 and murine lymphocytic leukemia L1210 using immunized macrophage cultures by $\beta$-lmmunan. When intraperitoneally injected at 40 mg/kg/day daily for 10 days, $\beta$-lmmunan inhibited the growth of sarcoma 180 solid tumor in ICR mice by 88.8% (p<0.05). It was also observed that $\beta$-lmmunan increased life span by 85.2% (p<0.01) after treatment of 100 mg/kg/day in BDF1 mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia L1210. And combination therapy with cisplatin (dosage: 4 mg/kg) increased life span by 140.4% (p<0.05) after treatment of 100 mg/kg/day daily in BDF1 mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia L1210.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.333-337
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• 1998

This study was carried out to get infomation on the nitric oxide production ability and its formation mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum(PSG) by using murine macrophage cell line. The cultured mycelial cells of Ganoderma lucidum were extracted by alkali, and than neutralized by acid. The extract were passed through the column of DEAE cellulose for more purification. The neutral fraction was concentrated and precipitated with 95% ethanol. The precipitate was lyophilized and PSG was obtained. The immunomodulating effects of PSG on macrophage were performed by using murine macrophage cell line ATCC TIB 71 cells with PSG 0.5mg. PSG alone could not induce the production of nitrite, but it had a significant potential effect on nitrite secretion when the cells were primed and triggered with BCG and Interferon(IFN)-${\gamma}$. Also it was prominent by using calcium channel blocker(verapamil) and adenylate cyclase activator(forskolin).