• Mycobiology
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2008

Beef luncheon meat is one of the most popular meals in several countries in the world including Egypt. Thirty one fungal species and 3 species varieties were recovered from 30 samples of beef luncheon meat collected from different supermarkets in Qena. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Emericella, Mucor, Mycosphaerella, Penicillium and Rhizopus were the most common genera on the two types of media. From the above genera, the most prevalent species were Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Emericella nidulans, Mucor racemosus, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Screening of fungi for their abilities to produce lipase enzyme showed that, ten isolates represented 32.26% of total isolates appeared high lipase production, while sixteen isolates (51.61%) were moderate and 5 isolates (16.13%) were low producers. Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Nectria haematococca produced the highest amount of lipase enzyme, so these fungi were used in further studies. The incorporation of five food preservatives (Disodium phosphate, sodium benzoate, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium citrate) individually in the culture medium of lipase production exhibited an inhibitive effect on the mycelial growth and enzyme production by Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Nectria haematococca.

• 임산에너지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2004

표고버섯 톱밥재배시 배양에 의한 중량감소율과 생장기간에 따른 에르고스테롤 정량으로 균사 생장량을 조사하였고, 배양기간과 자실체 발생기간에 따른 균체 외와 균체 내의 효소 특성을 조사하였다. 배양기간에 따른 중량 감소는 산림5호가 농기3호와 산림6호에 비해 낮은 중량감소율을 나타냈다. 에르고스테롤 정량에 의한 균사 생장량 조사 결과, 암배양기간 동안 3균주 모두 균사 생장량이 증가하였으며, 농기3호가 상대적으로 높은 증가율을 보인 반면, 산림5호는 낮은 증가율을 보였다. 농기3호와 산림6호는 명배양기간 동안에 균사 생장량이 최고치에 이르렀으며, 산림5호는 자실체 발생기간 전까지 계속 증가하였다. 배양기간과 발생기간에 따른 글체 외와 군체 내 효소 역가를 측정한 결과, 배양 초기(10일)에는 셀룰로오스와 헤미셀룰로오스 분해에 관여하는 CMCase, avicelase, xylanase, glucanase의 역가가 높았고, 배양 10일 후 리그닌 분해에 관여하는 laccase와 Mn-peroxidase의 역가가 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.763-772
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• 2004

Neocallimastix frontalis SA에게 에너지원으로 filter paper 또는 볏짚만을 공급하여 반추위 곰팡이를 배양하는 동안 섬유소 분해 양상을 현미경으로 관찰하고 cellulase와 xylanase 생산에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 혐기성 반추위 곰팡이를 접종한 후 filter paper를 광학 현미경으로 관찰하였을 때 filter paper의 표면과 모서리에 유주자의 부착, 포자낭의 발달 그리고 복잡한 그물망의 균사 엽상체의 형성이 관찰되었으며, 배양 7일 후에는 filter paper의 소화 그리고 섬유사의 결착성 및 견고성의 감소 현상이 나타났다. 또한 분쇄한 볏짚 표면에서도 미성숙 및 성숙한 포자낭들이 관찰되었으며, 일반적으로 이들 균사들은 볏짚의 부스러진 부분이나 잘리어진 모서리에서 많이 발견되었다. cellulase와 xylanase는 배양기간 동안 filter paper와 볏짚 기질 모두에서 빠르게 그 농도가 증가하였으며, 볏짚 첨가시에 비해 filter paper 첨가시가 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 특히 두 가질간의 cellulase와 xylanase 효소 활성은 각각 48 그리고 96시간 배양 이후에 큰 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 따라서 filter paper는 복합 구조를 갖는 볏짚에 비하여 cellulase와 xylanase 생산을 위한 더 좋은 유도 물질임을 발견하였다. 이상의 결과들을 N. frontalis에 대한 에너지원으로서 단일 복합체인 filter paper가 복합 구조의 볏짚에 비해 더 우수하였으며, 물리적 및 화학적으로 섬유소를 분해하는 혐기성 반추위 곰팡이라 할 지라도, 리그닌화된 견고한 섬유소 구조를 파괴시킬 수 있는 물리적 처리는 반추위 곰팡이의 분해 작용 및 성장에 도움을 줄 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.346-353
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• 1997

During the screening of cellulase producing microorganisms, a fungal strain C-4 was selected from etiolated leaves. Based on taxonomic studies, the fungus could be classified as a strain of Trichoderma sp. When the strain C-4 was cultured in Mandels' media at 28$circ$C for 6 days, the enzyme activities detected in broth were as follows: 8.2 U/ml (28.1 U/mg) of CMCase activity, 0.75 U/ml (2.58 U/mg) of Avicelase activity, 1.67 U/ ml (5.68 U/mg) of $eta$-glucosidase activity. The optimum pH for enzyme induction was 6.2. The crude enzyme retained 100% of its original CMCase activity at 50$circ$C for 1 hr (pH 5.0), and at 4$circ$C for 24 hrs (pH 5.0). There was no effect on the CMCase activity in the presence of 1 mM of CsCl, LiCl, MgCl$_{2}$, and FeCl$_{2}$, respectively. When the crude enzyme was treated with trypsin and chymotrypsin (2% W/w) for 10 minutes, the remaining CMCase activity was 70%, but there was no further loss of activity for 60 minutes treatment at 30$circ$C. The crude enzyme showed the synergism with rumen fluid for the hydrolysis of Avicel and CMC by 118% and 130%, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1348-1357
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• 2016

An enzymatic reaction system was developed and optimized for bioconversion of resveratrol from glucose. Liquid enzyme extracts were prepared from Alternaria sp. MG1, an endophytic fungus from grape, and used directly or after immobilization with sodium alginate. When the enzyme solution was used, efficient production of resveratrol was found within 120 min in a manner that was pH-, reaction time-, enzyme amount-, substrate type-, and substrate concentration-dependent. After the optimization experiments using the response surface methodology, the highest value of resveratrol production (224.40 μg/l) was found under the conditions of pH 6.84, 0.35 g/l glucose, 0.02 mg/l coenzyme A, and 0.02 mg/l ATP. Immobilized enzyme extracts could keep high production of resveratrol during recycling use for two to five times. The developed system indicated a potential approach to resveratrol biosynthesis independent of plants and fungal cell growth, and provided a possible way to produce resveratrol within 2 h, the shortest period needed for biosynthesis of resveratrol so far.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1270-1279
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• 2011

Bealmijang is a short-term aged paste made from meju, which is a brick of fermented soybeans and other ingredients. Different types of bealmijang are available depending on the geographic region or ingredients used. However, no study has clarified the microbial diversity of these types. We identified 17 and 14 fungal species from black soybean meju (BSM) and buckwheat meju (BWM), respectively, on the basis of morphology, culture characteristics, and internal transcribed spacer and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene sequencing. In both meju, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium polonicum, P. steckii, Cladosporium tenuissimum, C. cladosporioides, C. uredinicola, and yeast species Pichia burtonii were commonly found. Moreover, A. flavus, A. niger, P. crustosum, P. citrinum, Eurotium niveoglaucum, Absidia corymbifera, Setomelanomma holmii, Cladosporium spp. and unclassified species were identified from BSM. A. clavatus, Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus, P. brevicompactum, Davidiella tassiana, and Cladosporium spp. were isolated from BWM. Fast growing Zygomycetous fungi is considered important for the early stage of meju fermentation, and A. oryae and A. niger might play a pivotal role in meju fermentation owing to their excellent enzyme productive activities. It is supposed that Penicillium sp. and Pichia burtonii could contribute to the flavor of the final food products. Identification of this fungal diversity will be useful for understanding the microbiota that participate in meju fermentation, and these fungal isolates can be utilized in the fermented foods and biotechnology industries.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.712-718
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• 2005

생물처리에 생분해 지표로 이용되는 Glucose를 주 탄소원으로 하고 난분해물질로 알려져 있는 아조계 염료를 부탄소원으로 하여 이들의 저감패턴을 백색 부후균인 T. versicolor와 P. chrysosporium을 통해 관찰하였으며, 그 결과 두 기질(dual substrate)의 저감 패턴을 정형화된 단계별로 관찰할 수 있었다(새로운 환경 적응기, 주탄소원 소모기, 합성 효소에 의한 부탄소원 소모기). 또한 두 균주의 겉보기 최종 Orange II, 색도, COD 제거량을 비교한 결과 최대 5%범위 내에서 유사한 결과를 보여주었으나, 이러한 결과가 반드시 Orange II 분해 과정의 동일성을 의미하는 것은 아니었다. 즉, T. versicolor와 P. chrysosporium의 효소 발현 특성을 분석한 결과, 선행 연구 결과와 함께 다단계로 진행되는 Orange II 분해 과정(Pathway)을 고려할 때, 겉보기 Orange II 저감과 직접적으로 연계된 참여 효소로서 T. versicolor가 Lac를 이용하였고, P. chrysosporium은 LiP를 이용하는 것으로 판단되며, 그에 따라 발현 효소 차이로 인한 분해 과정 및 중간물질 생성이 상이할 것으로 예상된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.278-289
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• 2015

Indigenous strains of Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of Tea gardens of Assam, north eastern state of India were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely Pestalotia theae and Fusarium solani. A potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as SDRLIN1, was selected and identified as Trichoderma viride. The strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. Culture filtrate collected from stationary growth phase of the antagonist demonstrated a significantly higher degree of inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, demonstrating the presence of an optimal blend of extracellular antifungal metabolites. Moreover, quantitative enzyme assay of exponential and stationary culture filtrates revealed that the activity of cellulase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, pectinase, and amylase was highest in the exponential phase, whereas the activity of proteases and chitinase was noted highest in the stationary phase. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and distortion were also observed in the fungal pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar containing stationary phase culture filtrate. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the filtrate was significantly reduced but not entirely after heat or proteinase K treatment, demonstrating substantial role of certain unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s) in the inhibitory activity.

• Mycobiology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2013

Pathogenic microbes secrete various enzymes with lipolytic activities to facilitate their survival within the host. Lipolytic enzymes include extracellular lipases and phospholipases, and several lines of evidence have suggested that these enzymes contribute to the virulence of pathogenic fungi. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogens, and several biochemical and molecular approaches have identified their extracellular lipolytic enzymes. The role of lipases and phospholipases in the virulence of C. albicans has been extensively studied, and these enzymes have been shown to contribute to C. albicans morphological transition, colonization, cytotoxicity, and penetration to the host. While not much is known about the lipases in C. neoformans, the roles of phospholipases in the dissemination of fungal cells in the host and in signaling pathways have been described. Lipolytic enzymes may also influence the survival of the lipophilic cutaneous pathogenic yeast Malassezia species within the host, and an unusually high number of lipase-coding genes may complement the lipid dependency of this fungus. This review briefly describes the current understanding of the lipolytic enzymes in major human fungal pathogens, namely C. albicans, C. neoformans, and Malassezia spp.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1999

In order to understand the biological role of calmodulin in plants, transgenic tobacco plants expressing a calmodulin mutant (VU-4 calmodulin, lys to ile-115) gene have been analyzed. SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analyses showed that the foreign calmodulin mutant is stably and highly expressed in the transgenic tobacco plants. The levels of $H_2O_2$were elevated approximately 2-fold in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco plants have more than 6-fold higher levels of NADPH compared to control tobacco plants. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the susceptibility of the transgenic tobacco seeds and normal tobacco seeds to fungal contamination (Oh and Yang, 1996), suggest that the expression of the calmodulin derivative gene in tobacco plants could increase resistance to infection by fungal pathogens.