• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.426-433
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• 2009

Fish scales have potential in functional food preparation due to their antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. We investigated the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Tilapia mossambica scale extracts. Hydrolysates of tilapia scales were prepared by enzymatic extraction using five proteases (${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, Alcalase, Kojizyme, Protamex and trypsin) after scales were treated with hot water for 3 hr. Scale enzymatic hydrolysates prepared using both hot water and enzyme treatments exhibited elevated hydrolysis (about 25%-55%) compared to only enzyme treatment (about 15%-45%). Enzymatic hydrolysates (1 mg/mL) prepared by both hot water and enzyme treatments also showed significantly increased ACE inhibitory activities from about 20%-75%. The pattern of ACE inhibitory activities was similar to the degree of hydrolysis. Alcalase and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin hydrolysates displayed the highest ACE inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}$ = 0.83 mg/mL and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively). In addition, the ACE inhibitory effects of $IC_{50}$-chymotrypsin hydrolysates increased with decreasing molecular weight (5 kDa>, 10 kDa> and 30 kDa>), with the 5 kDa> fraction displaying the highest ACE inhibitory activity (about 89.9% and $IC_{50}$ = 0.1 mg/mL). We suggest that the peptide compounds of enzymatic hydrolysates prepared from tilapia scale enhances ACE inhibitory activity and might be useful as an antihypertensive material.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.182-191
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• 2016

The purpose of this research was the optimization of protein hydrolysate production using a commercial enzyme bromelain 1200 derived from the leg of Yeonsan Ogae by response surface methodology. Yeonsan Ogae has long been known as supporting health and high efficacy treatment. In recent days, as the efficacy of functional peptides becomes more known, optimization of oligopeptide production and its characteristics from Ogae leg meat has been performed. Response surface methodology was performed for optimization of enzyme hydrolysis. The process was varied in pressure (30 to 100 MPa), time (1 to 3 h), and substrate concentration (10 to 30%). The degree of hydrolysis, amino acids, and molecular weight of products were analyzed. The optimum conditions were determined to be a pressure of 100 Mpa, time of 3 h, and substrate concentration of 20%. Under optimized conditions, degree of hydrolysis was 34.10%. The average molecular weight of protein hydrolysates was less than 1,000 Da. Major amino acids were leucine, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.954-965
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• 2017

Mammalian genomes are well established, and highly conserved regions within odorant receptors that are unique from other G-protein coupled receptors have been identified. Numerous functional studies have focused on specific conserved amino acids motifs; however, not all conserved motifs have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we identified a highly conserved 18 amino acid sequence motif within transmembrane domain seven (CAS-TM7) which was identified by aligning odorant receptor sequences. Next, we investigated the expression pattern and distribution of this conserved amino acid motif among a broad range of odorant receptors. To examine the localization of odorant receptor proteins, we used a sequence-specific peptide antibody against CAS-TM7 which is specific to odorant receptors across species. The specificity of this peptide antibody in recognizing odorant receptors has been confirmed in a heterologous in vitro system and a rat-based in vivo system. The CAS-TM7 odorant receptors localized with distinct patterns at each region of the olfactory epithelium; septum, endoturbinate and ectoturbinate. To our great interests, we found that the CAS-TM7 odorant receptors are primarily localized to the dorsal region of the olfactory bulb, coinciding with olfactory epithelium-based patterns. Also, these odorant receptors were ectopically expressed in the various non-olfactory tissues in an evolutionary constrained manner between human and rats. This study has characterized the expression patterns of odorant receptors containing particular amino acid motif in transmembrane domain 7, and which led to an intriguing possibility that the conserved motif of odorant receptors can play critical roles in other physiological functions as well as olfaction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2011

Background: Cardiovascular complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality following non-cardiac thoracic operations. Recent studies have demonstrated that elevation of N-Terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels can predict cardiac complications following non-cardiac major surgery as well as cardiac surgery. However, there is little information on the correlation between lung resection surgery and NT-proBNP levels. We evaluated the role of NT-proBNP as a potential marker for the risk stratification of cardiac complications following lung resection surgery. Material and Methods: Prospectively collected data of 98 patients, who underwent elective lung resection from August 2007 to February 2008, were analyzed. Postoperative adverse cardiac events were categorized as myocardial injury, ECG evidence of ischemia or arrhythmia, heart failure, or cardiac death. Results: Postoperative cardiac complications were documented in 9 patients (9/98, 9.2%): Atrial fibrillation in 3, ECG-evidenced ischemia in 2 and heart failure in 4. Preoperative median NT-proBNP levels was significantly higher in patients who developed postoperative cardiac complications than in the rest (200.2 ng/L versus 45.0 ng/L, p=0.009). NT-proBNP levels predicted adverse cardiac events with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.545~0.988, p=0.01]. A preoperative NT-proBNP value of 160 ng/L was found to be the best cut-off value for detecting postoperative cardiac complication with a positive predictive value of 0.857 and a negative predictive value of 0.978. Other factors related to cardiac complications by univariate analysis were a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, a higher NYHA functional class and a history of hypertension. In multivariate analysis, however, high preoperative NT-proBNP level (>160 ng/L) only remained significant. Conclusion: An elevated preoperative NT-proBNP level is identified as an independent predictor of cardiac complications following lung resection surgery.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.685-696
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• 2015

Rice is a model plant widely used for basic and applied research programs. Plant cell wall proteins play key roles in a broad range of biological processes. However, presently, knowledge on the rice cell wall proteome is rudimentary in nature. In the present study, the tightly-bound cell wall proteome of rice callus cultured cells using sequential extraction protocols was developed using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics methods, leading to the identification of 1568 candidate proteins. Based on bioinformatics analyses, 389 classical rice cell wall proteins, possessing a signal peptide, and 334 putative non-classical cell wall proteins, lacking a signal peptide, were identified. By combining previously established rice cell wall protein databases with current data for the classical rice cell wall proteins, a comprehensive rice cell wall proteome, comprised of 496 proteins, was constructed. A comparative analysis of the rice and Arabidopsis cell wall proteomes revealed a high level of homology, suggesting a predominant conservation between monocot and eudicot cell wall proteins. This study importantly increased information on cell wall proteins, which serves for future functional analyses of these identified rice cell wall proteins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.219-222
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• 2021

In this study, we examined low molecular weight peptides using proteomics in order to identify their original proteins, derive their peptides, and determine the functions of the proteins in Tenebrio molitor, the mealworm (larvae, pupae, or adult) from which the peptides were extracted. Fifty-four proteins were finally identified through an analysis of proteome to derive the analyzed peptides. The proteins that induced low molecular weight peptides were identified to be the most abundant in adults only, and the next highest were derived from a group containing both adults and larva. However, other groups, including pupa, were detected to have a lower frequency of peptides. As a result of orthologous classification of the detected proteins, the general function prediction was only investigated at the highest frequency among the examined proteins. Proteins related to chromatin structure and dynamics were detected by their higher frequency among functional classes. The next highest frequency was shown by proteins related to amino acid transport and metabolism and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Therefore, it is assumed that proteins correlated with chromatin, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolisms are easily induced into low molecular weight peptides, and that their peptides could play a role as bioactive substances.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.938-946
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• 2022

This study aims to evaluate the effects of antioxidant activities, protein and mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1 and procollagen type I C-peptide (PIP) in 70% ethanol extract from Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre (HE). DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals scavenging assays were measured for antioxidant activities and HE had 73.5% and 74.4% of scavenging activities at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration, respectively. And we investigated the inhibition of collagenase by HE, and the result was a 78.8% inhibition effect on concentrations of 1,000 ㎍/ml. In addition, an MTT assay was performed to confirm the toxicity of the CCD-986sk fibroblasts to the HE, and as a result, the cell viability rate was about 91.7% at a concentration of 50 ㎍/ml or less, and subsequent cell experiments were performed at a concentration of 50 ㎍/ml or less. We treated the cells with UVB (20 mJ/cm²) for stimulation, treated HE at various concentrations, and performed ELISA tests and RT-PCR experiments. And HE increased the PIP and mRNA in a dose-dependent manner and showed an expression rate of about 64.2% and 83.4%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 ㎍/ml compared with Cont (50.3% and 45.8%, respectively). And HE suppressed the MMP-1 protein and mRNA in a dose-dependent manner and showed a low expression rate of about 48.7% and 35.9%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 ㎍/ml. These results can be applied to developing anti-wrinkle materials for functional food and cosmetics with HE.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.531-540
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• 2000

Baclgrpimd; Recent studies have suggested that the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning(IP) is closely related to glycogen depletion and attenuation of intracellular acidosis. In the present study, the authors tested this hypothesis by perfusion isolated rabbit hearts with glucose(G) is closely related to glycogen depletion and attenuation of intracellular acidosis. In the present study, the authors tested this hypothesis by perfusion isolated rabbit hearts with glucose(G)-free perfusate. Material and Method; Hearts isolated from New Zealand white rabbits(1.5~2.0 kg body weight) were perfused with Tyrode solution by Langendorff technique. After stabilization of baseline hemodynamics, the hearts were subjected to 45 min global ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion with IP(IP group, n=13) or without IP(ischemic control group, n=10). IP was induced by single episode of 5 min global ischemia and 10 min reperfusion. In the G-free preconditioned group(n=12), G depletion was induced by perfusionwith G-free Tyrode solution for 5 min and then perfused with G-containing Tyrode solution for 10 min; and 45 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Left ventricular functionincluding developed pressure(LVDP), dP/dt, heart rate, left ventricular end-distolic pressure(LVEDP) and coronary flow (CF) were measured. Myocardial cytosolic and membrane PKC activities were measured by 32P-${\gamma}$-ATP incorporation into PKC-specific peptide and PKC isozymes were analyzed by Western blot with monoclonal antibodies. Infarct size was determined by staining with TTC(tetrazolium salt) and planimetry. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Turkey's post-hoc test. Result ; In comparison with the ischemic control group, IP significantly enhanced functional recovery of the left ventricle; in contrast, functional significantly enhanced functional recovery of the left ventricle; in contrast, functional recovery were not significantly different between the G-free preconditioned and the ischemic control groups. However, the infarct size was significantly reduced by IP or G-free preconditioning(39$\pm$2.7% in the ischemic control, 19$\pm$1.2% in the IP, and 15$\pm$3.9% in the G-free preconditioned, p<0.05). Membrane PKC activities were increased significantly after IP (119%), IP and 45 min ischemia(145%), G-free [recpmdotopmomg (150%), and G-free preconditioning and 45 min ischemia(127%); expression of membrane PKC isozymes, $\alpha$ and $\varepsilon$, tended to be increased after IP or G-free preconditioning. Conclusion; These results suggest that in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart model, G-free preconditioning (induced by single episode of 5 min G depletion and 10 min repletion) colud not improve post-ischemic contractile dysfunction(after 45-minute global ischemia); however, it has an infarct size-limiting effect.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-67
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• 1998

The investigative research on the mammalian milk purely consisted of the physiological quality of lactoferrin was conducted to reveal the antimicrobial ativity of specifically functional foods with antibiotic characteristics as a basic data in food manufacturing. Bovine lactoferrin were isolated from raw milk samples, and was digested with pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. It was necessary then to separate and purify lactoferrin from bovine raw milk, and in order to analyze the antimicrobial activity of the enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin in their required quantitative fraction. Afterwards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was incubated in it. It was that investigated to enzyme-treated fractions molecular weight and the peptide fragment with antimicrobial effect. 1. The purity of enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin(BLF) was tested by SDS-PAGE. As a results of 12% SDS-PAGE assay, pepsin-treated LF did not exhibited band until if reaches 14 KDa, while trypsin and chymotrypsin treated LF, known to contain the non-digestive lactoferrin exhibited band at a molecular weight of 33 KDa. 2. Bovine lactoferrin was sucessfully purified through the use of Sephadex G-50 Column. In order to assay LF through the Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, the digestive bovine lactoferrin (BLFs) was eluted with a linear gradient of 0.05% Tris-HCl. When the gel-filtration analysis, pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLF fragments was showed 2, 3, and 2 peak, respectively. The results of the HPLC analysis confirmed that had a non-digestive lactoferrin receptor, and trypsin and chymotrypsin treated BLFs has an antimicrobial effect. 3. To measure the strength of the antimicrobial effect of enzyme treated lactoferrin it was compared to the antimicrobial activity taking place at the incubated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This might explain the resistance of the microorganisms for peptide fragment. The pepsin-treated of bovine lactoferrin was markedly reduced by incubation of the cells. Trypsin-treated of BLF was similar to chymotrypsin-treated of BLF. However, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLFs were showed the antimicrobial effect until eight hours incubation for native bovine lactoferrin. Therefore the enzyme-treated lactoferrin have an antimicrobial effect even non-digestive lactoferrin. 4. The digestive bovine lactoferrin fragments assay was carried out by the use of Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The pepsin and chymotrypsin-treated fragments has a low molecular weight and trypsin-treated lactoferrin was only showed a band. It was described that characteristics of digestive protein. It appeared that there may be a relation between virulence and resistance to enzyme-treated BLF.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2020

In this study, the skin permeability was measured by adding cell penetrating peptides, arginine oligomers; (tetra-D-arginine (R4) and hexa-D-arginine (R6)) to little skin-permeable anti-wrinkle peptides (GHK, GHK-Cu, and Pal-GHK), and the results were analyzed by the following six cases. First, in cases where only anti-wrinkle peptides were contained, copper ions (Cu₂⁺) and palmitic acid enhanced the transdermal permeability. Second, when arginine oligomers (R4, R6) were added to GHK, arginine oligomers (R4, R6) increased percutaneous permeability, and R4 showed better percutaneous permeability. Third, the addition of R4 and R6 to GHK-Cu resulted in increased percutaneous transmittance, followed by R6 < R4 percutaneous transmittance. Fourth, when R4 and R6 were added to Pal-GHK, the percutaneous permeability increased with results in R6 < R4 order. Fifth, when R4 was added to GHK, GHK-Cu, and Pal-GHK, the transdermal permeability increased in the order of GHK+R4 < GHK-Cu+R4 < Pal-GHK+R4. Finally, the addition of R6 to GHK, GHK-Cu and Pal-GHK also resulted in increased percutaneous transmittance in the order of GHK+R4 < GHK-Cu+R4 < Pal-GHK+R4. This study provides optimal conditions for enhancing skin absorption of anti-wrinkle peptides GHK, GHK-Cu, and Pal-GHK, and propose a wide range of applications in anti-wrinkle functional cosmetics by suggesting ways to maximize their efficacy.