• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2024

Smilax china is known for its excellent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. As a foundational study for applying the functionality of Smilax china extracts to cosmetics, it is necessory to investigate the concentration-dependent skin permation characteristics of the flavonoids in the extract, namely quercetin, catechin, and naringenin. Therefore, it serves as a crucial method for conducting this basic research on the functional aspects fo Smilax china extracts for cosmetic applications. This investigation focused on examining the percutaneous permeability characteristics of flavonoids originating from Smilax china. Applying Marzulli's definition, the Kp value of quercetin was categorized as "fast" at 0.1 mg/mL and "moderate" at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL. Notably, the permeation rate exhibited a decline with increasing concentration. For naringenin, Flux values were 0.69, 1.07, and 1.42 ㎍/hr/cm² at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding Kp values of 6.95, 5.34, and 3.56. Naringenin's Kp value fell into the "moderate" category across all concentrations, and as observed with quercetin, the permeation rate decreased with higher concentrations. Likewise, for catechin, Flux values were 0.75, 1.09, and 1.66 ㎍/hr/cm², and corresponding Kp values were 7.55, 5.46, and 4.16. Catechin's Kp value was consistently classified as "moderate" across all concentrations. The efficacy of quercetin, catechin, and naringenin, active ingredients in high-performance and anti-inflammatory Smilax china extracts, was found to exhibit skin penetration properties above the average. This confirms their suitability as excellent natural materials for use in functional cosmetics, given their outstanding capabilities in preventing acne and reducing inflammation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Cordyceps ochraceostromat, silkworm cocoon, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the quality and storage properties of pork sausage manufactured with protein recovered from breast of spent laying hen during 4 wks of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Pork sausages were prepared using 100% ham (control) and 40% recovered protein from breast of spent laying hen to replace pork (T1), and with added different sources to final concentrations of 0.1% Cordyceps ochraceostromat powder (T2), 0.1% silkworm cocoon powder (T3), 0.1% CLA (T4), 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat + 0.05% silkworm cocoon (T5), 0.05% Cordyceps ochraceostromat + 0.05% CLA (T6), and 0.05% silkworm cocoon + 0.05% CLA (T7). The treatments T5 and T7 had higher (p<0.05) protein content than control, but control had lower fat content than other samples during 4 wks of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Lightness was significantly lower in the treatment samples than control. However, there was no significant difference in water holding capacity between the sausage samples, whereas, cohesiveness and chewiness were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control than other treatments. All sausage samples showed a significant increase in volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and total plate counts with extending storage time (p<0.05), and VBN values of treatments were lower than the control. However, the treatment samples showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances over the increasing storage time. Therefore, our results suggested that the 40% recovered protein to replace pork and with added different sources decreased lipid oxidation and protein denaturation of pork sausages, thereby enhancing self-life, compared to normal pork sausage (control).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.339-347
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• 2015

This study is to evaluate moisturizing effect and durability of UV A/B blocking activity with multiple (W/O/W) emulsion system. Most of the sun protective products come to be hot issue having both high SPF and long-lasting activity as using special products when is going out, mountain climbing and sports. Also, many consumers prefer the products which have the excellent waterproofing activity of sun care cosmetics as well as the non-sticky feeling that carried out the study of the sensorial science and texture preference. Therefore, development of the specific formulation using this multiple (W/O/W) emulsion technology, it has O/W type hydro skin feel having soft and moist texture when it is treated on the skin. Finally, this formulation is instantly changed to W/O type feel after adsorbed into the skin. The purpose of this study is to get high SPF lasting effect having high water resistance tactivity with high functional multiple (W/O/W) emulsion cream. We used major ingredients, UV-B absorbers were selected with ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl-p-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexylsalicylate, and octocrylene, UV-A absorbers were selected with butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxy phenyltriazine. SPF effect of O/W type cream was 34.1. SPF effect of W/O/W type cream was 40.6 (increased about 19%). Water resistance effect after 4 hours, SPF effect of O/W type cream was 3.6 (quickly drop down). SPF effect of W/O/W type cream having 81.0 % waterproofing effect was 32.7 (decreased about SPF 7.9). Moisturizing effect of O/W cream at first was superior comparing multiple emulsion. But after 3 hours quickly was drop-down. Moisturizing effect of multiple emulsion was high comparing O/W type and other sun block creams after 4 hours was constantly maintaining water-content.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1048-1055
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• 2018

In the current study, comparisons of Oenothera Biennis seed extracts with water, ethanol, methanol, and 70% ethanol in their total polyphenolics contents, anti-oxidant, anti-neurotoxicity, anti-cancer, and immune-modulatory activities were investigated. Compared with other extracts, those concentrations of total phenolics and flavonoids were the highest in MeOH extract (31.90 mg GAE/g and 20.66 mg QE/g). The radical scavenging and reducing power activities were dose-dependently increased by treatment of O. Biennis seed water, EtOH, MeOH, and 70% EtOH extracts. Furthermore, pretreatment of water, EtOH, and MeOH extracts significantly reduced glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 hipocampal neuron cells. In the case of cancer cells, MeOH extracts showed lower $IC_{50}$ values in HepG2 ($74.21{\mu}g/ml$), A549 ($188.24{\mu}g/ml$), MCF-7 ($186.42{\mu}g/ml$), and B16 ($101.80{\mu}g/ml$) than other extracts, where those water ($101.96{\mu}g/ml$) and EtOH ($788.39{\mu}g/ml$) extracts showed the lowest $IC_{50}$ activity in HT-29 and PC-3 cells, respectively. O. Biennis seed extracts did not show any cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages at the concentration of $1-10{\mu}g/ml$, whereas 70% EtOH extract dose-dependently enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Overall, we evaluated that various bioactive potentials of O. Biennis seed extracts which would relate with phenolic compounds abundance, thus these can be useful to future developments as functional food ingredients and natural medicines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.642-650
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• 2016

Cynanchi wilfordii Radix (CW) and Perilla sikokiana (PS) were extracted under different conditions to study their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities. Their potentials as functional food ingredients were investigated. The highest total phenol contents were $15.74{\pm}0.69mg/g$ for CW100 [100% fermented ethanol (FE) extract from CW] and $39.37{\pm}3.46mg/g$ for PS50 (50% FE extract from PS). When extracts were processed at 1 mg/mL, DPPH radical scavenging activities were $79.79{\pm}0.79%$ and $82.69{\pm}1.07%$, respectively, at CW100 and PS50. ABTS radical scavenging activities were $80.20{\pm}2.86%$ and $75.00{\pm}1.78%$, respectively, at CW100 and PS50. However, ferric reducing antioxidant power activities at 1 mg/mL were higher than 80% for PS under all extraction conditions. The highest ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activities were $51.56{\pm}0.56{\sim}59.2{\pm}1.13%$ at CW50 and $46.70{\pm}0.32{\sim}66.17{\pm}0.55%$ at PS0. Cell differentiation inhibitory effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were $29.49{\pm}2.98%$ at CW100 and $23.31{\pm}0.61%$ at PS50. The inhibitory effect of the CW100-PS50 mixture was $43.03{\pm}1.63%$, which was significantly higher than those of individual extracts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.606-615
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate anti-thrombogenic, anti-inflammatory effects of n-BuOH (B) and $CH_2Cl_2$ (MC) fractions extracted from Sancho (Zanthoxylum. schinifolium) leaves in rats fed high fat diets. The experimental animal groups were consisted of eight including one 5% fat (N) and one 20% fat (H) without the test materials in diets and six H groups of feeding three levels (50, 100 and 150 mg/day) of the B and the MC fractions from Z. schinifolium, respectively. Plasma activated partial thromboplastin times and thrombin times of H group were decreased compared to the N group, but they were increased by feeding the MC fraction of 50 mg and over. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte 5#-lipo-xygenase activities and leukotriene $B_4$ contents of the H group were significantly increased compared to the N group, but they were decreased in the 100 mg and 150 mg of B fraction or the 150 mg of MC fraction fed groups. Liver cytochrome $P_{450}$, $O_2^-$, $H_2O_2$ and GSSG contents were increased by the high fat diet but decreased by feeding the B fraction or the MC fraction, while GSH content and glutathione S-transferase activity lowered by high fat diet were increased by feeding the two solvent fractions. The effects of the solvent fractions were evident at the level of 100 mg/day and over. The present results confirmed that two solvent fractions from the leaves of Z, schinifolium have enhancing effects on anti-thrombosis and anti-inflammation partly by antioxidant action and partly by direct modulation of the respective processeds. In conclusion, the n-BuOH and $CH_2Cl_2$ fractions from leaves of Z, schinifolium can be utilized as the proper ingredients of functional foods for preventing chronic degenerative disease.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.3 s.58
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• pp.181-191
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative, anti-wrinkle and whitening effects of 36 plant extracts collected from self-growing plants in Jeju island. Their anti-oxidant activities were measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay, and cell protecting activities using the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes. In addition, the inhibitory activities of tyrosinase for whitening effect and elastase for anti-wrinkle were investigated. The results showed that the Rumex crispus (all grass) extract has the most significant free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50};\;10{\mu}g/mL$), Plantago asiatica and Rumex crispus extracts for the prominent ROS scavenging activity ($OSC_{50};\;0.006{\mu}g/mL$, $0.04{\mu}g/mL$ respectively), Rumex crispus ($\tau_{50};\;1,140 min $at $50{\mu}g/mL$), Machilus thunbergii leaf (216 min), and Celastrus orbiculatus (200 min) for cell protecting effects, Morus alba stem for the inhibitory activity on tyrosinse (94.8% at $200{\mu}g/mL$), Rumex crispus (81.8% at $200{\mu}g/mL$), Morus alba (74.6%), and Celastrus orbiculatus leaf/stem/flower (63.1%) for the activity on elastase. These results indicated that the extracts of Rumex crispus, Plantago asiatica, Machilus thunbergii leaf, Morus alba stem, Celastrus orbiculatus leaf/stem/flower could have the functional effects when they are added as ingredients in cosmetics. Thus, it is concluded that further experiments are needed to apply for cosmetic products.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.26-27
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• 2018

With entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol to promote the fair sharing of the benefits of accessing and utilizing genetic resources, much support has been given to research on the development of biomaterials and products using domestic natural resources. Conservation and resource-saving of native species became very important through Nagoya Protocol enactment. The trend of cosmetic industry has been shifing from use synthetic chemicals to natural biomaterials, due to the safety regulations on new materials, ban on animal experiments, and expansion of cosmeceuticals range. In addition, functional cosmetic range has been expanded from whitening, wrinkle improvement, and ultraviolet shielding, to hair loss, hair loss alleviation, acne relaxation, and moisturizing of atopic skin, thus causing the activation of research about field of efficacy evaluation on natural biomaterials and commercialization. Chungbuk province is fostering the bio industry as a key industry for regional economic growth. For this purpose, Osong Biotechnology Complex/Ochang Science Industrial Complex in middle area, Jecheon biovalley in northern region, and Chungju Enterprise city have been established, thus playing a pivotal role in Bio innovative cluster in Korea. In particular, it was established the osong cosmetics clinical research support center to develop the cosmetics industry in chungbuk, thereby supporting clinical trials, efficacy evaluations, overseas certification, and overseas market entry in order to advance into the global market. In addition, oriental plants such as astragalus propinquus, schisandra chinensis, eucommia, alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus and biancaea sappan are being actively studied as global cosmetic ingredients through the promotion of various national research and development projects using natural materials in chungbuk province. The chungbuk natural product industry is expected to grow further throughout cosmetics industry development in the future, as companies and research institutes are actively promoting the secure index of effective material in natural products and effective material commercialization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.577-583
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• 2012

This study investigated the antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activity $in$ $vitro$ of an 80% ethanol extract from garlic, daikon, leek, ginger, onion, and green onion, which are widely-used ingredients in Korean food that contain sulfur. The total polyphenol content in ginger and leek extracts showed a high value ($233.63{\pm}4.59$ and $220.98{\pm}10.56$ mg/g GAE) and onions, leeks, garlic, and daikon followed by with $69.07{\pm}1.42$, $68.83{\pm}2.11$, $19.41{\pm}0.40$, $19.05{\pm}03.32$ mg/g GAE, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest with ginger extracts ($1.57{\pm}0.15$ mg/mL as $IC_{50}$) followed in order of decreasing activity by leeks, onions, daikon, green onions, and garlic. The results of ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP value showed higher antioxidant activity in extracts from ginger and leek. The order of vegetables with most to least prevalent ABTS radical scavenging activity was green onions, onions, garlic, and finally daikon. From greatest to least FRAP value, the relevant vegetables were green onions, onions, daikon, and garlic (p<0.05). Ginger extracts showed promise against seven strains of microbes: $Bacillus$ $cereus$, $Bacillus$ $subtillis$, $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$, $Lactobacillus$ $plantarum$, $Escherichia$ $coli$, $Salmonella$ $enterica$, and $Pseudomonas$ $aeruginosa$. Garlic extracts (5 mg/disc) showed strong antimicrobial activity against $B.$ $cereus$ (22.3 mm) and $E.$ $coli$ (24.3 mm). Extracts of both onion and green onion showed antimicrobial activity against only $E.$ $coli$ (12.7 and 10.3 mm) and $B.$ $cereus$ (12.0 and 12.5 mm) at 10 mg/disc, and the inhibition zone diameter from extracts of garlic and leeks were 18.0 mm and 10.4 mm vs. $L.$ $plantarum$ at 10 mg/disc. This study showed positive antioxidant activities for ginger and leeks, and positive antimicrobial activities for leeks and garlic. These sulfur-containing vegetables are widely used in Korean food. Leeks especially could serve as a functional food preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1145-1152
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• 2009

For the utilization of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in the functional drink, we prepared the fermented Korean ginseng with mushroom mycelia (Ganoderma lucidum; WG-GL, Hericium erinaceum; WG-HE and Phellinus linteus; WG-PL) by solid culture. A proximate analysis showed that the fermented Korean ginseng contained significantly more crude fat (4.66$\sim$12.02%) than Korean ginseng (WG, 1.61%) whereas crude protein content of WG (13.64%) was higher value than those of the ferments (7.60$\sim$12.57%). When we also evaluated effects of the fermented Korean ginseng on the mitogenic activity, hot-water extract from WG-PL was significantly higher than those of WG or mycelia only fermentation (GL, HE and PL) as analyzed by IL-2 production (1.64-fold of the saline control) and proliferation of splenocytes (1.47-fold). In addition, the lysosomal phosphatase activity (WG-HE; 1.32-fold) and NO/TNF-$\alpha$ production (WG-HE; 2.27-fold of the saline control at 50 ${\mu}g$/mL, WG-PL; 3.56-fold, respectively) from macrophage in the presence of the fermented Korean ginseng were higher than those of WG or mycelia fermentation. These results indicate that hot-water extracts from the fermented Korean ginseng with mushroom mycelia by solid culture contain chemical ingredients different from the Korean ginseng, and that it might provide beneficial immunostimulating activity.