• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.770-774
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• 2020

Background: Fermentation has been shown to improve the biological properties of plants and herbs. Specifically, fermentation causes decomposition and/or biotransformation of active metabolites into high-value products. Polyacetylenes are a class of polyketides with a pleiotropic profile of bioactivity. Methods: Column chromatography was used to isolate compounds, and extensive NMR experiments were used to determine their structures. The transformation of polyacetylene in red ginseng (RG) and the production of cazaldehyde B induced by the extract of RG were identified by TLC and HPLC analyses. Results: A new metabolite was isolated from RG fermented by Chaetomium globosum, and this new metabolite can be obtained by the biotransformation of polyacetylene in RG. Panaxytriol was found to exhibit the highest antifungal activity against C. globosum compared with other major ingredients in RG. The fungus C. globosum cultured in RG extract can metabolize panaxytriol to Metabolite A to survive, with no antifungal activity against itself. Metabolites A and B showed obvious inhibition against NO production, with ratios of 42.75 ± 1.60 and 63.95 ± 1.45% at 50 µM, respectively. A higher inhibitory rate on NO production was observed for Metabolite B than for a positive drug. Conclusion: Metabolite A is a rare example of natural polyacetylene biotransformation by microbial fermentation. This biotransformation only occurred in fermented RG. The extract of RG also stimulated the production of a new natural product, cazaldehyde B, from C. globosum. The lactone in Metabolite A can decrease the cytotoxicity, which was deemed to be the intrinsic activity of polyacetylene in ginseng.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1512-1517
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• 2011

재배지역에 따른 수수 품종 선정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 내륙평야지인 경남 밀양과 산간지인 강원 원주, 해안지인 전남 신안에서 5개의 수수를 재배하여 수확된 수수를 메탄올로 추출하여 항산화성분 함량 분석 및 항산화활성을 검정하였다. 재배환경에 따른 수수 종자 메탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 강원 원주에서 재배한 메수수와 대풍수수가 19.64 및 19.32 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였고 경남 밀양에서 재배한 흰찰수수가 2.63 mg/g으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 강원 원주에서 재배한 대풍수수가 7.54 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났고 경남 밀양에서 재배한 흰찰수수가 1.24 mg/g으로 가장 낮았다. 대체적으로 항산화성분의 함량은 산간지인 강원 원주에서 재배한 수수가 높은 함량을 보였고 품종에 따라서는 황금찰수수와 대풍수수, 메수수가 높은 항산화성분 함량을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 재배환경에 따른 수수 종자 상태의 메탄올 추출물의 DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성을 측정한 결과 대체적으로 radical 소거활성은 재배지역별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 품종에 따라서는 유색의 종피를 가진 황금찰수수, 대풍수수, 토종수수, 메수수가 높은 radical 소거활성을 보였다. 전체적으로 항산화성분의 함량과 항산화활성은 재배지역과 품종과 유의적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2011

재배지역에 따른 기장 품종 선정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 내륙평야지인 경남 밀양과 산간지인 강원 원주, 해안지인 전남 신안에서 5품종의 기장을 재배하여 수확된 시료를 메탄올로 추출하여 항산화성분 함량 분석 및 항산화활성을 검정하였다. 재배지역에 따른 기장 종자 메탄올 추출물의 항산화성분의 함량을 측정한 결과 총 폴리페놀 함량은 신안에서 재배한 붉은기장과 벼룩기장이 각각 2.54 및 2.65 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 원주에서 재배한 붉은기장과 벼룩기장이 각각 2.66 및 2.59 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 총 탄닌함량은 신안에서 재배한 벼룩기장과 노란찰기장이 각각 1.87및 1.42 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 재배환경에 따른 조의 조곡 메탄올 추출물의 DPPH radical 소거활성은 신안에서 재배한 붉은기장과 벼룩기장이 각각 8.54 및 8.53 mg TE/g으로 가장 높은 활성을 보였고 ABTS radical 소거활성 또한 신안에서 재배한 붉은기장과 벼룩기장이 각각 19.48 및 19.29 mg TE/g으로 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 전체적으로 항산화성분의 함량과 항산화활성은 재배지역과 품종과 유의적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.676-681
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• 2008

To obtain a natural antioxidant from a marine biomass, this study investigated the antioxidative activity of methanolic extracts from the marine brown alga, Ishige okamurae collected off Jeju Island. A potent free radical scavenging activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction containing polyphenolic compounds, and the potent antioxidant elucidated as a kind of phlorotannin, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, by NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The free radical scavenging activities of the diphlorethohydroxycarmalol were investigated in relation to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), alkyl, and hydroxyl radicals using an electron spin resonance (ESR) system. The diphlorethohydroxycarmalol was found to scavenge DPPH ($IC_{50}=3.41{\mu}M$) and alkyl ($IC_{50}=4.92{\mu}M$) radicals more effectively than the commercial antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Therefore, these results present diphlorethohydroxycarmalol as a new phlorotannin with a potent antioxidative activity that could be useful in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2016

Background: In the present study, we established an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)-analysis method for the determination of marker compounds as a part of the material standardization for the development of health-functional foods from Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract. Methods and Results: The quantitative determination method of hispidulin as a marker compound was optimized by HPLC analysis using a YMC hydrosphere C18 column with a gradient elution system. This method was validated using specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision tests. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation ($r^2$) of 0.999995. The method was fully validated, and was sensitive, with the limit of detection (LOD) at $0.09{\mu}g{\cdot}m{\ell}^{-1}$ and limit of quantification (LOQ) at $0.27{\mu}g{\cdot}m{\ell}^{-1}$. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the data from intra- and inter-day precision were 0.05 - 0.22% and 0.32 - 0.42%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy of hispidulin were 99.5 - 102.3% and 98.8 - 101.5%, respectively. The average content of hispidulin in Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract was $3.945mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ (0.39%). Conclusions: These results suggest that the developed HPLC method is very efficient, and that it could contribute to the quality control of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts as a functional ingredient in health functional foods.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to establish valerenic acid as a marker compound for the standardization of ethanol extract of Valerinan officinalis (valerian) root as a functional health food. We established valerenic acid as a marker compound using HPLC. HPLC was used to quantify the marker compound in the valerian extract after validation of methods with linearity, accuracy, and precision. The specificity for retention time was met by comparative analysis of the valerian extract and standard compound using HPLC. The method showed high linearity of the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) of 0.9999. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was $10{\mu}g/mL$. The accuracy of measurement was 99.88~00.68% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) value was 0.59%. In addition, our analytical method yielded a 29% mean content of valerenic acid in the valerian ethanol extract. These results indicate that the established HPLC method facilitated the determination of marker compounds in the valerian extract for the standardization of health functional foods.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2014

The physicochemical and functional traits for loin muscles of Hanwoo steers were compared by quality grade (QG). A total of 500 Hanwoo steers were slaughtered, their carcasses were categorized into four groups (QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2), and the longissimus dorsi muscles were analyzed. QG 1++ group had the highest fat and lowest moisture content (p<0.05). QG 1++ showed higher $L^*$ and $b^*$ color values, higher cooking loss, and lower shear force values, compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and preference scores by sensory evaluation were highly ranked for premium QG groups (1++ and 1+). Regarding the micro compounds, QG 1 and QG 2 had greater amounts of inosine monophosphate, and QG 2 had greater amounts of anserine, carnosine, and creatine, than QG 1++ (p<0.05). QG 1++ and 1+ had higher percentages of oleic acid (C18:1) than QG 2 (p<0.05). Within premium QG 1++ and 1+, the results of the nucleotides, free amino acids, dipeptides, and fatty acids did not show any distinctive differences. Hanwoo beef as determined by the current grading system was not significantly different in terms of functional components; the only significant difference was in intramuscular fat content.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.2413-2418
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• 2013

Forensic and legal medicine require reliable data to indicate excessive alcohol consumption. Ethanol is oxidatively metabolized to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase and non-oxidatively metabolized to ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanol, or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Oxidative metabolism is too rapid to provide biomarkers for the detection of ethanol ingestion. However, the non-oxidative metabolite EtG is a useful biomarker because it is stable, non-volatile, water soluble, highly sensitive, and is detected in body fluid, hair, and tissues. EtG analysis methods such as mass spectroscopy, chromatography, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques are currently in use. We suggest that nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy could be used to monitor ethanol intake. As with current conventional methods, NMR spectroscopy doesn't require complicated pretreatments or sample separation. This method has the advantages of short acquisition time, simple sample preparation, reproducibility, and accuracy. In addition, all proton-containing compounds can be detected. In this study, we performed $^1H$ NMR analyses of urine to monitor the ethanol and EtG. Urinary samples were collected over time from 5 male volunteers. We confirmed that ethanol and EtG signals could be detected with NMR spectroscopy. Ethanol signals increased immediately upon alcohol intake, but decreased sharply over time. In contrast, EtG signal increased and reached a maximum about 9 h later, after which the EtG signal decreased gradually and remained detectable after 20-25 h. Based on these results, we suggest that $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy may be used to identify ethanol non-oxidative metabolites without the need for sample pretreatment.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2020

Reducing CO₂ into high value fuels and chemicals is considered a great challenge in the 21st century. Efficiently activating CO₂ will lead to an important way to utilize it as a resource. This article reviews the latest progress of g-C₃N₄ based catalysts for CO₂ reduction. The different synthetic methods of g-C₃N₄ are briefly discussed. Article mainly introduces methods of g-C₃N₄ shape control, element doping, and use of oxide compounds to modify g-C₃N₄. Modified g-C₃N₄ has more reactive sites, which can significantly reduce the probability of photogenerated electron hole recombination and improve the performance of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Considering the literature, the hydrothermal method is widely used because of its simple equipment and process and easy control of reaction conditions. It is foreseeable that hydrothermal technology will continue to innovate and usher in a new period of development. Finally, the prospect of a future reduction of CO₂ by g-C₃N₄-based catalysts is predicted.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2020

본 연구는 건강기능식품 호로파종자식이섬유 중 4-hydroxyL-isoleucine에 대한 분석법을 개발하는 연구이다. 최적분석 조건을 확립하기 위해 시료 채취량, 전처리 용매 및 이동상 용매 조건을 비교 검토하였으며, HPLC-PDA를 이용하여 시료 중의 4-hydroxy-L-isoleucine를 분석하였다. 분석 시 사용한 컬럼은 Capcell Pack UG120 C₁₈ (Shiseido, 4.6×250 mm, 5 ㎛)이며, 유도체 시약으로 OPA를 선정하였다. 확립된 시험법에 대해 특이성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확성, 정밀성 등의 밸리데이션을 수행하였다. 5-100 ㎍/mL 농도에서 결정계수(R²) 0.999 이상으로 높은 직선성을 확인하였다. 또한, 회수율은 91.7-96.4%이었고, 정밀성은 0.5-1.1%의 상대표준편차(%RSD)를 확인하였다. 개발된 시험법은 호로파종자추출물 중 4-hydroxy-L-isoleucine 분석을 위한 시험법으로 활용되기에 적합한 것으로 판단된다.