• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1069-1078
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• 2013

The Bangudae Petroglyphs, national treasure No. 285 is located within submerged upper districts of Sayeon dam supplying the main residential water in Ulsan. Of the many ways for the reservation of Petroglyphs located the altitude at 53~57 m, the plan that we take it out of the water lowering the water level from 60 m to 52 m has been examined mainly in case of controlling artificially the water level of the dam. In this paper, we examined expected problems from the loss of dam function and the change of water quality from water deterioration caused by the water level control of the Sayeon dam. Using the model of Vollenweider and CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), we analyzed the density change of BOD and COD, representative water quality index and the TP and TN, the main reason of algae growth. The result showed that the density of COD lowered a little but the density of TP and TN went up over 130% when controlling the water level from 60 m to 52 m. These changes cause a serious algae problem and if doing the water quality management as the density of TN and TP, the water quality would become worse. Water storage and supply residential water decreases, and the water quality becomes worse because of eutrophic state.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2011

Background: The rising prevalence of asthma worldwide may be associated with the rising prevalence of obesity in developed nations. Although several studies have suggested a relationship between asthma and obesity, controversy still remains. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and asthmatic factors such as atopy, eosinophilia, serum total Ig E and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic cough patients. Methods: This study was a retrospective, observational study in two centers done between January 2007 and June 2008. The subjects included individuals who had a chronic cough. We examined body mass index (BMI) to measure obesity and pulmonary function. We did a metacholine provocation test for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a skin prick test for atopy, and tests for blood eosinophils and serum IgE. Results: A total of 1022 subjects were included. Airway hyperresponsiveness was not related with obesity (p=0.06), and atopy incidence was significant higher in non obese patients (p=0.00). There was no significant difference in serum IgE and blood eosinophil counts between obese and non obese patients. Forced expiratory volue in one second ($FEV_1$)/forced vital capacity (FVC) was significantly reduced in obese patients (p=0.03), but FEV1 and FVC were no significant difference between obese and non obese patients. Conclusion: There is no relationship between obesity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The nonobese group appears to have more atopy. The relationship between obesity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy need further investigation.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.121-168
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• 2014

After analyzing and finding the explaining factors about the "Effect of My Mom's Friend's Son (MMFS Effect)" with online-surveyed data, we introduce this concept into the conventional job search theory to develop it further. We try to estimate its effects on the hazard rate of youth pre-employment duration with some proxy variables such as his/her parents' schooling, living with parents dummy, increasing rate of consumer price index representing the burdens of parents, monthly temporary/daily workers ratio, relative ratio of quarterly 90th percentile urban household income, monthly average wage differentials between the workers of large and small firms, etc. The results confirm us the fact that so called "MMFS Effect" has been effective enough and strengthened up to recently. The conventional job search theory should be extended to be able to introduce the influencing effects of other person's success, for instance MMFS's success, on the job search behavior of youths, too.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.547-555
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• 2020

To investigate the effects of self-management programs for chronic low back pain (LBP), 63 subjects were assigned to three groups; self-exercise group (SEG), hot pack and low-frequency electrical stimulation group (HEG), and thermo-massage group (TMG). Parameters were the pain numeric rating scale (PNRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and Relapse frequency (RF). PNRS, ODI and RMDQ of SEG and TMG sustained effectiveness, however, PNRS, which improved after treatment in HEG, worsened in 6 month. Between the groups, all parameters were better in SEG and TMG compare to HEG. Exercise and thermo-massage can be considered as useful self-management performed at home to prevent the relapse of chronic LBP.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 1998

An objective of this study was to provide database for the planting disign of buffer green space. Types, planting structure, and effect of vuffer green space were investigated in five housing complexes of newtown of metropolitan area, Korea. Buffer green space in the study sites were constructed as mounding, slope, and plate. The number of species was found 20 tree and sub-tree species(10 evergreen and 20 deciduous species ) and 13 shrub species. These species were planted in one-storyed planting structure and there was no difference with ornamental species in the urban parks. Effect of sound proof by the buffer green space was recognized but sound level in four types among the seven types was observed above standard sound level for housing complex(65dB). Effect of sound proof was especially most effective in the mounding type. It was found that planting density and index of plant crown volume were mot satisfied to the function of buffer green space because of lower density and crown volume than natural vegetation per unit. Based on these results, this study suggested that buffer green space is desirable to be developed in the mounding type over two meters height with multi-layer planting model. In addition, there is needed to consider vegetation structure of natural forest around the developing site.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

Optical simulation methods were applied to the edge-lit LED backlight for LCD TV applications in order to optimize the optical structure of the light guide plate(LGP), and thus to improve the uniformity properties by removing the bright spots caused by LED's. The edge-lit LED backlight consisted of three white LED's with a lamp cover, a light guide plate, and a reflection film. When there was no pattern on the entrance side surface of the LGP, the illuminance uniformity was sensitively dependent on the distance d between the LED and the entrance surface. The illuminance uniformity increased with d but its increasing rate slowed down when d was beyond ~ 1.5 mm. When micro-patterns such as a lenticular lens array (LLA) or a serration pattern were formed on the entrance surface, the illuminance uniformity was improved substantially even for the case of very small d. At the same simulation condition, the lightguide with serration pattern showed a better uniformity than that with LLA pattern. Additional improvement could be achieved by changing the refractive index of the micro-patterns. These results suggest that using micro-patterns is a very effective way to reduce the bright spots due to their refracting function for the concentrated incident rays onto the LGP.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.563-575
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• 2005

The aim of present study is to evaluate the influence of adjacent tooth to the microbiology of clinically healthy implant. Control group included patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with healthy $periodontium(PD{\leq}3mm)$, test group was composed of patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with periodontal pocket(PD>3mm). The criteria of clinically health implant are no pain or discomfort, the restorative suprastructure provide satisfactory fit and function, and the tissue around the fixtures were firm and probing with standard periodontal probe with a rounded tip 0.5mm in diameter resulted in penetration of no more than 5mm when using a force of 0.5N at any location. 38 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. Number of control group is 25(mean age $52{\pm}13$, 26 teeth, 34 implants) and test group is 13(mean age $60{\pm}13$, 13 teeth, 17 implants). All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), bleeding on probing(BOP), and plaque index(PI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from natural teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. PD was different in teeth between 2 groups(p<0.05), but the other parameters were not. 2. Statistically significant difference was not found in clinical parameters of implants between 2 groups. 3. All bacterial prevalences of teeth were higher in test group than in control group, and prevalence of T. forsythensis had statistically significant difference between 2 groups(p<0.05). 4. Prevalences of P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis are higher in test group than control group, and that of T. denticola is higher in control group than in test group. But there were no statistically significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, there is no statistically significant difference in prevalence of implant microbiology between 2 groups. But if the number of samples increased, it will be possible to find out statistical significance in prevalence of P. gingivalis. It seems that pocket of adjacent tooth influences prevalence of P. gingivalis. These results mean that improvement of the periodontal condition before implantation is very important.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

The network security encryption type is divided into two, one is point-to-point, second method is link type. The level of security quality attributes are a system security quality requirements in a networked environment. Quality attributes can be observed and should be able to be measured. If the quality requirements can be presented as exact figures, quality requirements are defined specifically setting quality objectives. Functional requirements in the quality attribute is a requirement for a service function which can be obtained through the encryption. Non-functional requirements are requirements of the service quality that can be obtained through the encryption. Encryption quality evaluation system proposed in this study is to derive functional requirements and non-functional requirements 2 groups. Of the calculating measure of the evaluation index in the same category, the associated indication of the quality measure of each surface should be created. The quality matrix uses 2-factor analysis of the evaluation for the associated surface quality measurements. The quality requirements are calculated based on two different functional requirements and non-functional requirements. The results are calculated by analyzing the trend of the average value assessment. When used this way, it is possible to configure the network security encryption based on quality management.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.533-546
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• 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: thirty six patients, with clinically stable COPD were randomly assigned: 18 to a rehabilitation group and another 18 as a control group, The subjects participated in a the self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation program for 8 weeks. This program consisted of education, breathing retraining, exercise training, relaxation and counseling. The control group received education only. The outcome variables were self-efficacy, dyspnea, exercise endurance, pulmonary function, and quality of life. Dyspnea was measured using the modified Borg scale. Exercise endurance was measured by the six minute walking distance. The quality of life was measured by the quality of life index for pulmonary disease patients. Results: In the rehabilitation group after performing the self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation program, the self-efficacy score, exercise endurance, and quality of life score were higher than the control group (p=0.007, p=0.038, and p=0.039, respectively). and the exertional dyspnea score was significantly lower than controls(p=0.045). However, the dyspnea score and FEV1 were similar after performing the self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation program. Conclusion: The self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation program is effective to in improve self-efficacy, exertional dyspnea, exercise endurance and quality of life in patients with COPD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.506-510
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• 2002

The effect of antioxidant activity of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on the liposomal phospholipid membrane was investigated by spectrophotometry. Membrane oxidation causes damage to the membrane fluidity and permeability. It brings further destruction to the sustenance of biological homeostasis. In addition, it is related to several diseases, aging and carcinogenesis. The sample PG was extracted and fractionated to five different types; butanol (PGMB), ethylacetate (PGMEA), ethylether (PGMEE), hexane (PGMH) and methanol (PGMM). The oxidation indices of PGMEA and PGMEE fractions in oxidized dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes had stronger antioxidant activities than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and were similar to antioxidant activities compared with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), a well-known potent antioxidant, in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indices of PGMM extract, PGMB and PGMH fractions exhibited weak antioxidant activity compared with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indiex of PGMEE fractions added with vitamin C showed even strong antioxidant activity in the oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation activity of BHT with vitamin C also proved to be stronger than BHT without vitamin C. Therefore vitamin C evidently helps to improve the effect of antioxidant in DLPC liposomes. These results indicate that potentially bioactive substances in PGMEE fraction has a function as potent antioxidant against phospholipid membrane oxidation.