• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2015

This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of flowering and the factors affecting fruiting grades of Acer pictum subsp. mono(APSM), We examined the characteristics of flowering and fruiting in various natural APSM forest, and investigated annual fruiting grade, DBH, tree height, number of APSM trees within 30 m on 29 selected trees in the natural broadleaved forest in Mt. Jungwang in Gangwon-do, from 2009 to 2014. APSM has heterodichogamous sexual system consist of protoandry and protogyny. Eight trees have changed their sex morphs; 3 trees change the sex morph PA to PG, and 5 trees does the sex morph PG to PA. Early fall of young ovary is concentrated until early July. Initially, the small samaras are common, and was gradually increased the samaras suffered insect damage. Most flowers of APSM are pollinated by Andrenidae sp., Syrphidae sp. and Tachinidae sp.. Number of early fall samaras and the status of fallen samaras showed a significant difference by the year and region. Corymbose panicle and young leaves developed on the top of APSM twigs. Newly grown opposite twigs of APSM did not grow sufficiently and had no floral buds. The highest fruiting grade of tree was 9.0, and the mean values was only 3.8. The highest fruiting grade of year was 4.55 in 2013, and the lowest did 0.07 in 2014. Highly significantly correlated and regressed between mean of annual fruiting rates and rates of crown under sun light. This results would imply that thinning for tree growth through improved light absorption might be a method to enhance seed production of APSM in the seed production forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2012

To examine the sex morph, heterodichogamy, fruiting characteristics and seed viabilities of Acer palmatum, sixty three planted trees were monitered in Wonju-si for two years in terms of their sex morph, flowering and fruiting habit. Most flowers of A. palmatum are pollinated by Apis mellifera, Helophilus virgatus, a few (3.57%) are pollinated by wind. Twenty four trees (42.9%) in 2010, and twenty trees (31.7%) in 2011 were proved protandrous (PA: pollen is shed before stigmas are receptive), thirty two (50.8%) in 2010, thirty trees (47.6%) in 2011 were proved protogynous (PG: stigmas are receptive before pollen is shed). This result means that Acer palmatum has heterodichogamous sexual system. Five trees (7.9%) have changed their sex morphs; 4 trees change the sex morp PA to PG, and one does the sex morph PG to PA. Rates of sound seeds and decayed seeds were significantly different between sex morphs. Rates of sound seeds were 51.6% (2010) and 64.0% (2011) in PA, but 30.4% (2010) and 40.4% (2011) in PG. and rates of decayed seeds did 40.0% (2010) and 31.2% (2011) in PA, but 65.6% (2010) and 56.8% (2011) in PG. The differences of decayed seeds' rates between sex morphs might be related with the timing of insect pests' outbreak.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 1984

The peanut, unlike other plants, has three distinct steps in the reproductive process. These are the flowers, the peg and the fruit. This research was designed in the field to determine the difference of fruiting habit for each of plant types of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in peanut culture limiting region. Eight cultivars representing four plant types, i.e., Virginia, Spanish, Valencia and Shinpung types. Number of pegs per plant produced in order of Spanish, Valencia, Virginia, Shinpung, Virginia type. The Virginia small seed type produced the most pods per plant. The shinpung type showed more percentage of matured pod than other types and early pot-set habit. Distribution of mature pods for each of branch positions to total mature pods occupied 63% on two cotyledonary branchs, 34% on 3rd to 5th branchs, 3% on over 6th branchs. Shinpung type was considered more favorable plant type than other types for breeding of early maturing high yielding variety because of early pot-set and high percentage of mature pod.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.07a
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• pp.133-170
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• 1995

The major objectives of fruit breeding lie in improvement of cultivar, easy to be cultivated and of high quality, in order to produce unexpensive, delicious fruit both for fresh fruit market and processing. Recently, fruit breeding in Korea has contributed to breeding of several superior cultivars in major fruit crops, resulting in appreciable improvement in qualities such as skin color, taste and fruit-bearing habit concerned with productivity. In spite of accomplishments mentioned above, the need for both highly disease-resistant cultivars and long-keeping, physiological disorder-resistant cultivars to meet long distance transsportation in the temperate fruit crops of apples, oriental pears, stone fruits such as peaches, and grapes grown in Korea is rapidly pressing more than ever, as cultivars of today susceptible to pests and diseases and vulnerable to physiological disorders are very expensive and time-consuming in post-harvest handling and management. Thus, imporvements made in the above problems through breeding level will lead to the really enhanced productivity in fruit industry. The major impediments of tree size, the long length of juvenile period and the highly heterogeneous genetic composition to the improvement of fruit crops are responsible for the lower amount and rate of improvements of fruit crops as compared to annuals. Considering the expected limitations of the above problems to be solved through conventional breeding methods and strategy, a turning point of breeding a near perfect cultivar would be laid down if innovative breakthroughs in biological technology will be realized in applying some of the techniques of genetic manipulation at the molecular level to the cultivar improvement of fruit crops, such as the selective insertion of DNA carrying genes that govern desirable characteristics. More than anything else, those traits such as fruiting habit deciding productivity, elements of fruit qualities conditioned by monogene, and disease-and pest-resistance of vital importance for successful fruit growing are urgently desired to be improved by advancement of biotechnology for they are more than difficult and need long period to be attained through conventional breeding method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 2014

To examine the natural regeneration in the natural mixed-broadlived forest, flowering, fruiting, seed-fall, and seed viabilities of Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C.A. Mey. (AU) were investigated in Mt. Jungwang, Gangwon-do, from 2009 to 2013. The flower of AU consisited many male and bisexual flowers on the raceme (unusual panicle) and the arrangement of two sex morphs are differed for each inflorescence. Flowering dates are differed between sex morph in the same inflorescence. Stamens are stop growing and disappeared after pollinated pistil begin to grow in bisexual flowers, and male flowers have vestial pistil. The flowers of AU might be pollinated by Apis mellifera, Thyris fenestrella seoulensis, Cerambycidae sp., Andrenidae sp. and Ctenophora sp., and had some mechanism to prevent feom self pollination. The number of flower buds per inflorescence is 189 on June 8, and that of young samaras per inflorescence is 41.2 on June 21. At last ripened samaras per inflorescence is reduced 33.4 on September 5. Mean annual seedfall of AU was 6,720 ea/ha (ranged 670~17,930). Rates of sound seeds are highest 43.2%, and those of damaged or decayed seeds are 41.8%,. Those of undeveloped and empty seeds are 10.2% and 4.8%, respectively. Successful regeneration of AU might be in masting year and on the gap sites with proper conditions to germinate and grow. To understand the natural regeneration of the species, Genus Acer, further study on the fruiting habit, pre- and post-dispersal seed viability, and annual variation on these factor should be needed.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2013

We made the first Korean white commercial strain 'Baek-a' developed by crossing between monokaryons derived from brown strains. This variety can be estimated as the Korea's indigenous one different from the origin of Japanese white ones. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. The optimum temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were $12{\sim}13^{\circ}C$ and $67^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fruiting body of 'Baek-a' was pure white even developed from crossing with brown strains. 'Baek-a' was a good variety with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, long stipes and hemi-spherical pilei. The days for the fruiting was 7 days and the productivity was $111{\pm}34$ g per 850 ml. This variety needed high concentration of carbon dioxide and it had to be adjusted up to 4,000 ppm for the good quality.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.121-125
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• 2008

A first, we made white strain 'S line' adaptable to elevated temperature after collected brown strains were characterized with culture characterization on temperature and their monokaryons isolated at the high temperature were crossed with white strain. These S line monokaryons were crossed again with other monokaryons derived from a commercial white. As a result of successive crossing, finally a new variety 'Baengno' was developed. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. It brought incubation period shortening as 21 days saved 2~3 days when compared with other white varieties. The optimum temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were almost same to others like as $14^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fruiting body of 'Baengno' was pure white even developed from crossing with brown strains. 'Baengno' was a good variety with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, long stipes and hemi-spherical pilei. This variety needed more air ventilation and had to be adjusted its cultivation environment for the good cultivation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.437-442
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• 2002

To breed high quality and yield peanut variety according to select the short flowering duration, fifteen germplasms (1 virginia,7 spanish,6 valencia types and var, Daekwang) were investigated the flowering habit and agronomic characteristics from 1998 to 1999. Emergence date of the selected short flowering duration germplasms (SPFGs) was earlier 1-3 days and middle or small seed than that of var, Daekwang. Main stem length was longer 57cm but the number of branches, pods, 100-seed weight, and pod weight per plant was reduced 25%, 23%, 42%, 46%, respectively, in SPFCs comparing to var, Daekwang. The flowering date in SPFGs was similar but the flowering duration was earlier 5-16 days than that of var, Daekwang (52 days). Varieties that flowered shorter duration than 50 days were 18.8% among the SPFGs. The number of total flowers in SPFGs was fewer 50% than that of var, Daekwang. The rate of flowering inhibition were 50-52% than that of var Daekwang. The frequencies of flowering duration (under 50 days) were 7.7% in virginia, 46.2% in spanish, 53.9% in valencia. The effect of shading treatment on rate of flowering inhibition were 11%, but number of branches and pods were reduced by 27-31% in valencia type compared to non-shade. Correlation coefficient was significant positively ($r=0.9314^*$ virginia, $r=0.9551^*$ spanish, $r=0.9551^*$ valencia) between the air temperature and flower number, The frequency of peg and pod number on 1st to 2nd nodes in SPFGs were more 3-12%, 21-26% than that of var. Daekwang. The rate of mature pods at 80 days after flowering were higher 12-17% than that of var, Daekwang (68%). Correlation coefficient was high significant negatively between date of first flower and flowering date, the ratio of mature pod.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

A new commercial strain 'Garlmoe' was developed by crossing monokaryons from selected wild strains. The optimal temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $16{\sim}18^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. The optimal temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were almost same to others like as $14^{\circ}C$ and $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The color of 'Garlmoe' was typical to wild winter mushroom, that is, pileus was brown and lower part of stipe was dark brown. The surface on pileus of 'Garlmoe' was sticky 'Garlmoe' was a good commercial strain with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, straight and strong stipes and convex type pilei. The taste of this variety was very excellent because of better chewing feeling than white ones.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The fruiting habit pattern of white-spine cucumber, whose fruits are usually borne on the lateral branches, is different from domestic ones. The cucumber production far export has been focused on how to promote lateral shooting and how to increase the number of lateral branches. As the growing season of the exporting cucumber is confined to winter season, low temperature and weak light are limiting factors to lateral shooting. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of growth regulator for induction of lateral shoot in white-spine cucumber. foliar application of growth regulator were focused on concentration and application time based on number of leaves. The visible damages were observed in applied leaves by $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA(benzyladenine) in retarding culture, but no significant by $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA in case of semi-forcing culture. The number of available lateral shoots were greater in applied plant with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA than that of $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, in applied plants at 10th and 15th loaves than that of applied plants at 5th leaves.