• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.264-270
• /
• 2015

Tropical night phenomenon has been increasing due to global warming recently, it is expected that fruit quality of apples will decrease due to elevated night temperature condition. In the present study, fruit quality at maturity, periodic anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression and sugar contents in leaves and fruit flesh were investigated to establish the physiological responses of 'Fuji' apples under high night temperature. The night temperature were treated with such as ambient (control), ambient $-4^{\circ}C$, and ambient $+4^{\circ}C$. After the treatment, high night temperature didn't affect fruit diameter, weight, and soluble sugar contents. Coloration of ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ was poor than that of control, however there was no significant difference between these genes expression of control and that of ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ treatment in the late coloration season. Increase of sorbitol and glucose contents at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ in leaves were smaller than those at control, and then sorbitol and sucrose contents in fruit flesh at ambient $+4^{\circ}C$ were smaller than those at control. The cross section of leaves showed that there were no differences with the structure of parenchyma and epidermis tissues between the treatments, but starch granules in the palisade parenchyma cells decreased in high night temperature treatments. Consequently, high night temperature didn't affect the fruit quality, but changed sugar contents in leaves and fruit flesh, and suppressed coloration regardless of anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.459-462
• /
• 2009

'Fuyu' (Diospyros kaki L.) is an important sweet persimmon cultivar, and the fruits are often stored in a modified atmosphere after harvesting in South Korea. However, blossom-end browning and darkening of fruit often occur after harvest or during storage, which decreases fruit quality in the fresh fruit market. High fruit calcium concentration would reduce oxidation of phenolic compounds in the cytoplasm such oxidation is responsible for fruit browning. This study investigated the effects of soluble calcium fertilization and foliar application, and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) fertilization on fruit quality and browning. Trees received one of the following five treatments: 1) control (no calcium or IBA); 2) calcium fertilization (Ca FG, 2 mL per tree); 3) calcium foliar application (Ca FA, 2 mL); 4) calcium and IBA fertilization (Ca+IBA) 5) IBA fertilization (IBA, 2 mL. Fruit calcium concentration was highest in trees treated by Ca FA, and lowest in control trees. Generally, fruit calcium concentration was high in the stem end but low in the blossom end, which usually first develops fruit-browning symptoms. There were no apparent differences in fruit qualities such as firmness, soluble solid content, and weight among treatments. Fruit browning occurred at frequencies of about 14%, 20%, and 50% on Ca FA, Ca FG, and control trees, respectively. Therefore, the improved fruit calcium level seen when trees received Ca or IBA application tended to prevent fruit browning, which increased fruit quality and storage properties.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.478-485
• /
• 2017

The effect of high carbon dioxide and ethylene treatment on postharvest ripening regulation of red kiwifruit (Actinidia melanandra) was investigated during cold storage. Physio-chemical properties such as weight loss, firmness, SSC, acidity, and market quality were analysed in red kiwifruit held at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to the fruit treated with carbon dioxide and ethylene during 75 days of storage. No significant weight loss was detected in red kiwifruit treated with carbon dioxide until 75 days of storage while the most rapid loss was found in fruit treated with ethylene. In ethylene-treated fruit, the firmness was dramatically reduced from 4.2kg on the first day to 1.2 kg after 27 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. However, the firmness of the carbon dioxide-treated fruit was 1.8kg after 54 days of storage. The highest level of SSC(%) was investigated within the 27 storage days at $10^{\circ}C$ for fresh red kiwifruit treated with exogenous ethylene, whereas the carbon dioxide-treated fruit exhibited a greatly increased SSC after 64 days. The carbon dioxide-treated red kiwifruit maintained statistically(p<.01) higher levels of acidity compared to the control and the exogenous ethylene-treated ones during 41 days of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. The SSC/Acid ratio of fruit treated with carbon dioxide was significantly lower (p<.01) maintained than the other two treatments (ethylene-treated and control fruit)throughout the 75-day experiment. Based on the quality characteristics of postharvest red kiwifruit, it could be concluded that the carbon dioxide treatment significantly delayed the ripening process and maintained the market quality of harvested red kiwifruit, which can be a potential application for commercial use in the kiwi industry.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.440-447
• /
• 2014

For this analysis, canopies of slender-spindle 'Hongro'/M9 apple trees were divided into 4 positions: upper, lower, exterior, and interior parts. The photosynthetic rate was highest in the external part of the upper canopy of the tree, where it was 4.5 times higher than in the internal part of the lower canopy. This difference was closely associated with differences in light penetration based on canopy position. Analysis of leaf growth characteristics showed that the leaves situated in the internal part of the canopy were larger and thinner than those in the external part of the canopy. The difference in leaf thickness was mainly due to thickness of the primary layer of palisade tissues (68.5 and $110.3{\mu}m$ for internal and external leaves, respectively). Fruit weight and quality were closely related to the extent of light penetration. Fruit weight, soluble solid content, and red skin color were higher in the fruits from the external part of the canopy. Thus, fruit maturity was delayed in the internal part of canopy. The fruit skin and wax layer were thicker in fruits from the internal canopy than in those from the external canopy. Therefore, our results indicate a need for improved light penetration in internal parts of the canopy and for split harvesting depending on maturity at different canopy positions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.4
• /
• pp.619-625
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of fruit, seed and germination characteristics among populations of Serrateleaf Pearlbush (Exochorda serratifolia S. Moore) distributed in Korea. Fruits collected from 96 trees in five natural populations and their five fruit, seven seed and three germination characteristics were analyzed. In 14 characteristics except for mean germination time, there were significant differences among populations and among individuals within population. Generally, fruit and seed characteristics showed higher values among population in total variance component. Coefficients of variations in weight of fruit (27.0%), length/thickness of seed (28.1%) and germination rate (52.5%) were relatively high compared to other traits. In seed germination behaviors, germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate showed 62.9%, 64.0 days and 0.40 ea./day, respectively. As a result of simple correlation analysis, mean germination time showed a significant positive correlation with seed thickness, germination rate showed a significant positive correlation with height of parent tree and latitude, respectively. Also, latitude showed a positive correlation with fruit weight. The populations close geographically did not show the tendency of clustering into the same group. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first for principal components (PC's) explained 63.0% of the total variation. Primary 3 principal components appeared to be major variables because of the loading contribution of 97.0%.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.306-311
• /
• 2008

Proper tree vigor and crop load were determined for 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees in high density planting system from 2001 to 2003. Leaf/fruit ratio was highly correlated to mean fruit weight (y=1.715x+205.02, $R^2=0.66^{**}$) and yield (y=-35.l56x+5963.7, $R^2=0.44^{**}$). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the number of leaves per tree and mean fruit weight. However, crop load did not affect tree growth, soluble solids content of fruit, and Hunter a value. To harvest the fruits heavier than 300 g without biennial bearing, it was appropriate to crop 55 to 64 fruits in a tree with 55 leaves per fruit of adult tree. The good indices for proper tree vigor could be 20 to 25 cm of mean shoot length and above 95% of shoot termination rate. Moreover, no secondary growth and 20 to 30% of spur formation could be the indices for highly productive tree vigor.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the effects of soil sulfur mixture on the control apple valsa canker in apple orchard for two years. In organic apple orchard, The recovery percentages of apple valsa canker were compared among control (no treatment), lime sulfur, and soil sulfur in organic orchards. In conventional apple orchards, those of recovery percentages were compared among control, neoasozin, lime sulfur, and soil sulfur. Compared with control, soil sulfur treatments significantly improved the recovery percentages of apple valsa canker infected trees in organic orchard. However, there were no differences between lime sulfur and soil sulfur treatment in organic apple orchard, except BongHyun orchard experiment in 2013. Compared with control fruit qualities, fruit skin red color and fruit firmness were improved in lime sulfur and soil sulfur treatment, respectively. In conventional orchard, apple trees treated with lime sulfur, soil sulfur or neoasozin improved recovery percentages, compared with those of control trees. Soil sulfur treatments recovered 87.5~97.5% of infected 'Fuji'/MM106 apple trees in organic and conventional apple orchards. The trees applied with neoasozin showed significant lower shoot growth than those of soil sulfur treatment in conventional orchard. Soli sulfur treatment improved fruit red color, but did not affected fruit weight, fruit firmness, soluble solids concentrations, and titratable acidity.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2016

This study was focused to examine the effects of pre- or post-harvest Ca-chitosan treatment on the shelf-life of 'Daesung' hardy kiwifruit. In the preharvest treatment, Ca-chitosan at 200 mg/L was intensively sprayed to the fruit three times on August 20, 25, and 28 in an order whereas harvested fruits were dipped for 10 sec. at the same concentration of chitosan as the postharvest treatment. Fruits were stored at 17℃ for 9 days and 1℃ for 40 days, respectively. Soluble solid contents, titratable acidity, firmness, respiration rate, and weight loss were examined to configure the qualities of fruits during storage. The changes of fruit quality parameters occurred more rapidly in calcium-chitosan treatment compared to untreated control when fruit were stored at 17℃. Both pre- or post-harvest Ca-chitosan treatment, however, effectively decreases the weight and firmness of fruit stored at 1℃. Fruit respiration rate was also reduced, indicating the increase of shelf-life throughout ripening of the fruit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.9
• /
• pp.1340-1345
• /
• 2010

The study investigated on quality characteristics of pan breads prepared with 0, 1, 3 and 5% flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. wils.) fruit powder. The pH of dough and bread decreased with the addition of flowering cherry fruit powder, whereas the weight of bread increased. The volume, specific volume and baking loss rate of the breads decreased as flowering cherry fruit powder levels increased. The volume of dough during fermentation of bread containing flowering fruit cherry powder was smaller than those of the dough without flowering cherry fruit powder. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of breads crumb and crust color were decreased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased; however, the redness (a) was increased. In the texture analyzer measurement, hardness and chewiness of the breads were significantly increased by adding the powder but cohesiveness was decreased. There was no significant difference in springiness. The antioxidative activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity of bread increased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased. The bread containing 3% flowering cherry fruit powder has acceptable sensory properties. such as color, smell, taste, chewiness, texture and overall acceptability. The results exhibited that adding the flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread increased antioxidant activity, and the highest quality improvement was obtained by incorporating 3% flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread formula.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.642-649
• /
• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of fruit bearing type with leafy (LY) and leafless (LS) fruits on fruit growth, sugar, and acid characteristics in satsuma mandarin. Fruit growth including fruit length, diameter, shape index (diameter/length), weight, and size distribution was not different between LY and LS fruits at ripening time. Total soluble solids (TSS) concentration of the fruit juice increased and acidity decreased continuously and then TSS:acidity ratio increased with fruit development from 100 days after anthesis to ripening time. Soluble sugar was continuously increased, whereas organic acid decreased. Theses tendencies were related to the increase of sucrose and decline of citric acid, respectively. However, there was no effect of fruit bearing type on TSS, acidity, and TSS:acidity ratio, and soluble sugar and organic acid composition in fruit juice. Also, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll index with SPAD value were not different between leaves adjacent to LY and LS fruits. The results indicated that fruit growth and sugar and acid characteristics were not affected by fruit bearing type with leafy and leafless fruits in satsuma mandarin.