• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of 'Manpungbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through the seasonal changes of pericarp structure and anatomical differences between bagging and non-bagging treatment, and also fruit quality and peel coloration characteristics at the harvest time. The pericarp at full bloom was consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior. The cell layers from the outer epidermis to vascular bundle increased rapidly 7-10 layers to 18-26 layers from full bloom (FB) to 77 days after full bloom (DAFB) and did not change significantly until maturity. Thus, the cell division period of 'Manpungbae' pear was until 77 DAFB and during this period, the thickness from hypodermis to vascular bundle increased from $73.1{\mu}m$ to $195{\mu}m$ in this period. Stone cells were formed from seven to 21 DAFB and stone cell clusters were formed around 49 DAFB. The cork cell layer was formed between 49 and 77 DAFB. 'Manpungbae' fruit pericarp was consists of 4.5 layers of the cork cell layers and seven layers of hypodermis which has the tannin at harvest time (161 DAFB). Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by bagging or non-bagging showed that 'Manpungbae' fruits without bagging had more than three cork cell layer than those with bagging at maturity. The size of stone cell clusters were varied in two treatments. Fruit weight was higher in the non-bagging treatment but there was no difference in soluble solid contents (SSC) between two treatments. The weight of the 'Manpunbae' fruit was distributed from 301 g to more 900 g and the average fruit weight was 677.2 g at harvest time, and fruits in the range of 551-800 g accounted for 71.6% of total production. The SSC, acidity and SSC/acidity ratio was $10.2-12.1^{\circ}Brix$, 0.10-1.24% and 9.76-14.31 respectively, and the SSC was higher in bigger fruit which had a very higher positive correlation with a fruit weight. However, the fruit firmness tended to be lower with fruit size which had a very higher negative correlation with the fruit weight and SSC. The cork cell layer numbers between yellowish brown and green pericarp were not different significantly, in 3.8 and 3.5 respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2012

To suggest the basic data for exporting enlargement of sweet pepper (Capsicim annuum L.), this study compared plant growth and fruit setting characteristics among 8 cultivars of red line. At 23 weeks after planting, plant height was long in 'Debla', 'Cupra', 'Thialf', 'Viper' and 'Spider', and was shot in 'Scirocco', 'Ferrari', 'Special'. 'Debla' had a few nodes number and long internode length. For 23 weeks after planting, weekly increment of plant hight and number of developed node were many in 'Debla' and 'Cupra', were few in 'Special' and 'Ferrari'. Average fruits of over 200 g was harvested in 'Viper', 'Spider' and 'Debla', average fruits of range of 180~200 g was harvested in 'Special' and 'Thialf', and average fruits of range of 160~180 g was harvested in 'Scirocco' and 'Cupra'. Cultivars harvested heavy fruits except in 'Debla' was high in percentage of irregular fruit size. Number of fruit setting on plant was many in 'Cupra' and 'Ferarri', ripening first was many in 'Ferarri', 'Scirocco' and 'Viper'.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.639-649
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• 2013

Over 96.2% of the agricultural water in Jeju Island is obtained from groundwater and there are quite distinct characteristics of agricultural water demand/supply spatially because of regional and seasonal differences in cropping system and rainfall amount. Land use for cultivating crops is expected to decrease 7.4% (4,215 ha) in 2020 compared to 2010, while market garden including various vegetable crop types having high water demand is increasing over the Island, especially western area having lower rainfall amount compared to southern area. On the other hand, land use for fruit including citrus and mandarin having low water demand is widely distributed over southern and northern part having higher rainfall amount. The agricultural water demand of $1,214{\times}10^3\;m^3/day$ in 2020 is estimated about 1.39 times compared to groundwater supply capacity of $874{\times}10^3\;m^3/day$ in 2010 with 42.4% of eastern, 103.1% of western, 61.9% of southern, and 77.0% of northern region. Moreover, net secured amount of agricultural groundwater would be expected to be much smaller due to regional disparity of water demand/supply, the lack of linkage system between the agricultural water supply facilities, and high percentage of private wells. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the total net secured amount of agricultural groundwater to overcome the expected regional discrepancy of water demand and supply by establishing policy alternative of regional water supply plan over the Island, including linkage system between wells, water tank enlargement, private wells maintenance and public wells development, and continuous enlargement of rainwater utilization facilities.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.406-413
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• 2020

This study was conducted to find out optimum fruiting node order, pinching node order, and harvesting time in hydroponics using coir substrates to produce high quality melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Three plants per coir slab (100 × 20 × 10 cm) were planted for each treatment. Yamazaki standard nutrient solutions for melon were supplied with 1.8, 2.0, and 2.3 dS·m^-1 at the early, middle (fruit enlargement step), and late growth stages, respectively. Two cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Aibi' were used for fruiting node order and pinching node order experiments. Fruiting node treatments were conducted three replications (8-10 ^th, 11-13 ^th, and 14-15 ^th nodes) and pinching node treatments treated with three replications (18 ^th, 21 ^th, and 24 ^th nodes). Two cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Crown' were used for fruit harvesting time experiment and treated with in four replications (45, 50, 55, and 60 days after fruiting). In growth characteristics, the leaf width and leaf area of 'PMR Dalgona' were the greatest 28.2 cm and 10,845 ㎠. Respectively, 11-13 ^th fruiting nodes or more. The node length of 'Earl's Aibi' was the longest by 147.6 cm at 11-13 ^th fruiting nodes. For fruit quality characteristics, the fruit weight of 'Earl's Aibi' at 11-13 ^th fruiting node fruiting was the greatest by 2.0 kg. The soluble solids content (SSC) of 'PMR Dalgona' was the highest by 14.5 °Brix at 8-10 ^th nodes in fruiting node orders and 14.5 °Brix at the 24 ^th pinching node order, respectively with significant difference. The SSC tends to increase in the same for both cultivars of 'PMR Dalgona' and 'Earl's Aibi' as the position of fruiting node was lower. The SSC and fruit weight of melon harvested at 55-60 days after fruiting was the best. From the results of this study, most of SSC tends to increase in the lower position of fruiting node order and the higher pinching node order, whereas the fruit weight shows a tendency of increasing with higher fruiting node. In addition, the SSC of fruit increased as the number of days after fruiting increased, and further research is needed for more various cultivars. In melon hydroponics using coir substrates, it is needed to figure out the characteristics of each cultivar to determine optimum fruiting node order, pinching node order, and fruit harvest time.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2009

A plant-specific gene was cloned from melon fruit. This gene was named downward leaf curling (CmDLC) based on the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the gene. This expression level of this gene was especially upregulated during melon fruit enlargement. Overexpression of CmDLC in Arabidopsis resulted in dwarfism and narrow, epinastically curled leaves. These phenotypes were found to be caused by a reduction in cell number and cell size on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the epidermis, with a greater reduction on the abaxial side of the leaves. These phenotypic characteristics, combined with the more wavy morphology of epidermal cells in overexpression lines, indicate that CmDLC overexpression affects cell elongation and cell morphology. To investigate intracellular protein localization, a CmDLC-GFP fusion protein was made and expressed in onion epidermal cells. This protein was observed to be preferentially localized close to the cell membrane. Thus, we report here a new plant-specific gene that is localized to the cell membrane and that controls leaf cell number, size and morphology.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

'Sinano Sweet' apple trees were defoliated at intervals of a month from May to October to simulate damage occured by hail and typhoon in Korea, accordingly fruit yield, reserve accumulations and return bloom were investigated. As the more severe defoliation degree was and earlier defoliation time was, fruit weight and fruit yields were more decreased. Fruit weight and yields of 30% defoliated trees, regardless of the defoliation time, showed no significant difference with those of control. Because carbohydrate contents of the 2-year old branches defoliated before August were even lower than those of branches defoliated after September, it was considered that defoliation time is more effective on the carbohydrate content than defoliation degree. Among the trees defoliated before August, 50% defoliated trees at August contained the lowest carbohydrate by 50% of control. Time and degree of defoliation had an effect on the number of flower buds following year. The number of return bloom in trees defoliated from May to July was decreased by delay of defoliation time and was the lowest in trees defoliated at July. On the other hand, it was not have a significant different between control and trees defoliated since August. Relationship between the number of return bloom and carbohydrate reserves showed positive correlation. As a result, it is considered that fruit thinning, when defoliation occurred in the growing season, needs for strengthening the sink function of remained individual fruit effect on fruit enlargement and for increaseing the carbohydrate reserve effect on return bloom.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2023

This study was conducted to apply with an air duct for the cooling and a utilizing cultivating method that uses the fruiting node and the defoliation to the high-temperature vertical and hydroponic cultivation of the oriental melon. The lower fruiting node (LF) was to remove all third vines generated from 5 nodes of a secondary vine. The higher fruiting node (HF) was fruiting on the third vine generated from a first node of the third vine. The direction of the stem string; upward (UW), downward (DW). Four treatment conditions were applied with the LF-UW, LF-DW, HF-UW (control), and HF-DW. The leaf age of melon leaves was measured for photosynthesis at 3 days intervals, and the fruit characteristic was conducted on 79 fruits in each treatment. The photosynthesis rate steadily increased after leaf development, reaching 20.8 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 on the 10 days, gradually increasing to 21.3 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 on the 19 days, and reaching 23.4 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 on the 32 days. After that, it lowered to 16.8 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 on the 38 days and dropped significantly to 7.6 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 on the 47 days. As a result of the fruit characteristics by fruiting nodes, the treatments of the fruit length was 12.6-13.4 cm, respectively, which was significant, and the fruit width was 7.9- 8.6 cm, respectively, was not significant. The soluble content ranged from 12.9 to 15.7°Brix, and the significance of all treatments, and higher than of LF-DW and HF-UW. The photosynthesis rate of melon leaves was good until 32 days after leaf development, but after that, the rate decreased. As for fruit quality, it was conformed that melons can be cultivated at the LF because the fruit enlargement and soluble content dose not decrease even when set at the LF. Results indicated that those can be used for LF and defoliation in the development of vertical and hydroponic cultivation method in high-temperature season.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.181-185
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• 1982

Immature apple fruits of cultivars Fuji and Miller were completely resistant to Macrophoma sp. until 10 July. When inoculated on 31 July, apples became susceptible to this fungus, irrespective of cultivar. This fungus grew better on Fuji than Miller. Lesion enlargement on apple at $25^{\circ}C$ was remarkably pronounced relative to $20^{\circ}C$. In both cultivars, the amount of total soluble carbohydrates or reducing sugars in apple fruit flesh was gradually increased as apples became mature. The healthy apples of cultivar Fuji had a higher amount of carbohydrates than those of Miller. The infected apples contained more soluble carbohydrates in comparison to the healthy ones. In healthy apples, there were no consistent differences between Fuji and Miller in amount of total soluble amino acids. With increasing age of apples, the amount of soluble amino acids declined in the fruit flesh of both cultivars. Levels of carbohydrates and amino acids in apple fruits were discussed in association with the immature fruit resistance to Macrophoma sp.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to find the effects of a $GA_3$ and thidiazuron (TDZ) on seedless rate, harvest time, fruit cracking and fruit quality in 'Kyoho' grapes over two years from 2008 to 2009. In 2008, fruit clusters were dip treated with $GA_3$ $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ twice at full bloom (FB) and 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) in a combination with TDZ 0 or $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Berry seedless rate and berry enlargement were slightly improved only when TDZ was added to the second $GA_3$ treatment at 14 DAFB, compared to $GA_3$ + TDZ treatments at both FB and 14 DAFB. However, berry cracking rate was significantly increased by any plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments compared to non treatment. In 2009, $GA_3$ at $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was dip treated twice at FB and 14 DAFB while TDZ $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was treated only at 14 DAFB. Berry cracking rate was depended on the concentration of $GA_3$ applied. The higher concentration at $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ significantly increased berry cracking rate while the lower concentration at $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ had no effect. Also, the addition of TDZ to $GA_3$ $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at 14 DAFB, substantially decreased the cracking rate to the level of untreated control. Although all PGR treatments advanced fruit maturity, the most significant advance occurred when TDZ was added to $GA_3$ $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ only at the second dip. Considering the overall aspects related to fruit maturity and quality, we concluded that the double applications of $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ at FB and 14 DAFB with addition of $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ TDZ only at 14 DAFB was appropriate to produce about 400-500 g size of seedless 'Kyoho' grape cluster having 35-40 berries.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

This study was conducted to clarify effects of weed control methods on damages from agricultural chemicals of pear trees, growth of weeds and states of pear trees after treating pear orchards with different methods of weed controlling, density of GLU and application times. The growth and occupation rate were investigated after 10, 20 and 40 days of weeding treatment. According to a result of the first treatment conducted when weeds in the lower parts of crown in a pear orchard began to grow and grew about 20 cm, unwoven cloth covering showed the highest control value with 100% in all 14 kinds of grasses. In comparison, Stellaria aquatica and catchweed bedstraw showed 96.7% and 97.3% respectively in the 20 DAT investigate after the first treatment of GLU 540 g a.i. ha-1 and the high control value of 100% in other all kinds of grasses. According to an investigation of stalk enlargement, length of new shoot and the number of new shoot made to know differences in tree growth following treatment of the lower part of crown, to use weed killers two or three times a year or to eliminate grasses with machines have positive effects on cross growth of pear trees.