• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intakes and perceptions of convenient breakfast related to age and family type. The survey included 545 men and women living in Seoul from June to July. Questionnaire items covered their age, gender, family types, breakfast intakes and preference for convenient breakfast menu. As a result, there were significant differences in the number of breakfast intakes per week according to family types; large families recorded the highest frequency in "I have breakfast everyday" and the couple-only families and nuclear families scored relatively high numbers. In terms of the type of breakfast, the first choice was "rice and side dishes" across all the age groups (69.3%). There were differences in the preference of convenient breakfast in "bread", "cereal", "rice cake", "sunsik", and "rice gruel" by different age. The teens exhibited the highest preference of bread (5.63), and cereal (5.53) for breakfast; those who were in their fifties for rice cake (5.42). Both forties and fifties showed the higher preference of sunsik (4.58, 4.76) and rice gruel (5.89, 5.77) than other age groups. As for the preference for convenient breakfast according to family types, single person families displayed the highest preference of bread (5.42) and cereal (5.75). Couple families showed higher preference of rice gruel (5.82) than other family groups. The preference level for "rice cake" was similar among all the family types. As a result, it is suggested that the development of various breakfast menus considering age groups and family types is needed so that modern people can enjoy breakfast in terms of quality and quantity in their busy daily life.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2020

Objectives: The frequency of eating out among adolescents seems to be connected to a high rate of skipping breakfast and be interrelated to various nutritional problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary habits of breakfast and eating out and investigate their relationships in male adolescents. Methods: This study conducted a cross-sectional survey. Dietary habits and eating out status were surveyed among 510 male students at a high school in Incheon and compared according to their breakfast skipping and breakfast type. Results: The percentages of subjects in the breakfast skipping group and breakfast group were 41.0% and 59.0%, respectively, and the breakfast group comprised a Korean meal group (74%) and a convenience meal group (26%). In the breakfast skipping group, the percentage of subjects buying and eating snacks due to hunger was 39.7%. Reasons for eating breakfast among subjects who ate breakfast were because parents prepared breakfast (41.9%) and out of habit (31.5%) in the Korean meal group, in contrast to because parents prepared breakfast (36.7%) and due to hunger (29.1%) in the convenience meal group (P < 0.001). Breakfast preparer was mother (91.4%) in the Korean meal group, in contrast to mother (67.1%) and self (20.3%) in the convenience meal group (P < 0.001). A high proportion of the breakfast group woke up at 07~07:30 or 06:30-07, whereas a high proportion of the breakfast skipping group woke up at 07~07:30 or after 07:30, showing a significant difference according to breakfast skipping (P < 0.001). A high proportion of the breakfast group spent 10,000 won (32.5%) a week eating out while a high proportion of the breakfast skipping group spent 20,000 won or more (28.2%), showing a significant difference (P < 0.01). Conclusions: About 40% of male high school students skipped breakfast and consumed snacks as a solution after breakfast skipping. The students who skipped breakfast spent more money on eating out. These results show that breakfast status may be related to eating out. Therefore, practical education on food choice and meal preparation along with regular breakfast instruction is needed in male adolescents.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

Purpose : This study was undertaken in order to find out the actual correlation between skipping breakfast of school-aged children and their mothers. Method : The subjects of this study were 724 children and their mothers. The subjects were selected from two schools out of six offices of education in Busan between December 1 and December 20, 2002. The collected data was analyzed through real numbers, percentage, mean and standard deviation, cross tabulation, $\chi^2$-test, t-test, F-test, Scheffe-test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSSWIN 11.0. Results : The results of this study are summarized as follows. 48.6% of children skipped breakfast while 54.7% of mothers skipped breakfast. The case that both children and mothers skipped breakfast were 37.1%. The correlation of children's skipping breakfast and their mothers characteristics was statistically significant(r=.288(p<0.001). There was relationship between the life styles of children and their mothers, but there was no relationship between life styles and the frequency of skipping breakfast. Conclusion : children are affected by or depend on their mothers eating habits and other tendencies in daily life.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the frequency of breakfast skipping and affecting factors in children in poverty. Methods: The subjects were 644 children who were receiving the services of community child center or delivery meal-box. They were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors and breakfast-skipping status in the survey. Results: Breakfast-skippers were 17.4% of the subjects. The count of negative health behaviors in breakfast skippers was higher than that in eaters, and the behaviors of exercise, screen time, alcohol experience, and smoking experience were worse in skippers than in eaters. The odds ratio of breakfast skipping was higher in female children (OR=2.53, p<.001), those with single father (OR=3.76, p<.001) or single mother (OR=1.83 p=.030), those with alcohol experience (OR=1.82, p=.022) and smoking experience (OR=2.80, p=.003), and under-weight ones (OR=2.54, p=.048). Conclusion: Breakfast skipping is associated with gender, family structure, alcohol experience, smoking experience and BMI. Children in poverty need comprehensive health promotion programs including interventions for breakfast skipping and health behaviors.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between watching mukbang (eating broadcasts) and dietary and health behavior in adults who watch mukbang. Methods: The questionnaire was administered on a self-written basis through online and offline formats to 800 adults (400 men and 400 women). The contents of the survey consisted of general characteristics, mukbang viewing time per week, breakfast intake frequency, preference for menus when viewing mukbang, delivery food intake frequency per week, late meal intake frequency per week, and health behavior. The subjects were divided into three groups according to mukbang viewing time. Results: The body weight of viewers was significantly higher when mukbang viewing time was over 14 hours for both men and women. In particular, based on the BMI (body mass index), those who watched mukbang for more than 14 hours were found to be overweight. People with more than 14 hours of mukbang viewing time per week were found to prefer mostly carbohydrate-rich food and meat, while those with less than 7 hours of mukbang viewing time per week showed a higher preference for vegetables and fruits. An analysis of the frequency of breakfast eaten showed that the rate of skipping breakfast was the highest for those who watched mukbang for more than 14 hours per week, and the rate of eating breakfast daily was the highest in the case of fewer than 7 hours of viewing. In the case of high mukbang viewing time per week, the frequency of food delivery and night eating was high. When mukbang viewing time was high, the viewer's interest in health was low and the frequency of exercising too was low. Conclusions: Viewers with high mukbang viewing time showed undesirable health and eating behavior. Thus, it is believed that proper nutrition education on improving eating habits and raising the awareness of correct eating habits is necessary for such viewers.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.378-388
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• 2019

This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of breakfast among Korean school-aged children and adolescents depending on eating together as a family, based on the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. One day 24-hour recall data of 1,831 children and adolescents aged from 6 to 17 years were collected. The nutritional quality of breakfast was analyzed and compared between Family Breakfast Group (FBG, n=1,410) and Eating-alone Breakfast Group (EBG, n=421). The results showed that age, family structure, number of family members, and frequency of breakfast were associated with eating breakfast as a family. The calorie intake from breakfast explained 19% and 16% of the daily intake for FBG and EBG, respectively. The percentages of children and adolescents consuming Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C, Niacin, and Iron less than 1/4 of the Estimated Average Requirements were significantly lower in FBG than in EBG. The average numbers of serving for "Grains" and "Vegetables" food groups and the average Dietary Diversity Score were significantly higher in FBG than in EBG. Overall, the results indicated that eating breakfast as a family is positively associated with nutritional quality of breakfast among Korean school-aged children and adolescents.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2014

The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between food habits and nutrient intake in college female students. Nutrient intakes of 149 female subjects aged 19.3 y were determined by using 24-hr recall. The questionnaire included general characteristics and food habits (frequency of breakfast and fast food intake). Body composition was determined by bioim- pedance analysis. Nutrient analysis was performed with Can pro software. Statistics were generated using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean intake of energy, fiber, calcium, potassium. vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C by the subjects ware below KDRIs. The nutrients for which the largest proportion of subjects showed inadequate intakes (less than the RI or AI) were potassium, calcium, vitamin C and fiber. Subjects that consumed fast food ${\leq}6$ times showed significantly lower intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$ and vitamin C. Subjects who skipped breakfast more frequently showed significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C than subjects who ate breakfast more frequently. This is strong evidence that higher intakes of nutrients such as potassium, fiber, and calcium are associated with increased frequency of eating breakfast or decreased frequency of eating fast food. Low calcium, fiber, and potassium intakes may thus lead to chronic diseases. Nutrition education can be an important facilitator for improving nutrient intakes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.300-314
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• 2023

본 연구는 2016-2018년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 청소년의 아침결식과 관련된 요인을 찾고 아침결식 예측모형을 분석하여 청소년의 아침결식 예방 교육 및 정책 수립에 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 2016-2018년 국민건강영양조사의 참여자는 총 24,269명으로 12-18세의 청소년 중 변수 결측자를 제외한 대상자는 1,024명이며, 이중 아침식사 섭취자 579명, 결식자 445명이었다. 남학생의 49.1%, 여학생의 50.9%가 아침결식자였다. 연령은 아침식사 결식군이 유의적으로 높으며, 결식군의 고등학생 비율이 높았다. 가구소득 4분위수는 아침식사 섭취군의 9.1%, 결식군의 15.4%가 '하'로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 조사대상자의 신체적 요인은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 체중감소를 위해 결식을 하는 경우는 아침식사 결식군의 25.3%, 섭취군의 10.4%로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 조사대상자의 식습관과 정신건강에서 아침식사 결식군이 섭취군보다 1일 1회이상 외식횟수가 유의적으로 높았으며, 최근 1년간 1주 동안 5-7회 이상의 저녁식사 섭취빈도는 아침섭취군이 유의적으로 높았다. 또한, 아침식사 섭취군은 결식군보다 영양교육 경험이 유의적으로 높았으며, 아침식사 섭취군이 결식군보다 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물, 식이섬유, 콜레스테롤, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1, 비타민 B2, 니아신, 비타민 C, 칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 칼륨, 철의 섭취율 및 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비율도 유의적으로 높았다. 아침결식 예측 모형을 도출하기 위해 CART 알고리즘을 사용한 의사결정나무 분석결과, 아침식사 섭취여부를 결정하는 주요인은 투입된 7개의 변수 중 교육수준과 영양교육 경험을 제외한 결식을 통한 체중조절, 가구소득 4분위수, 저녁식사 빈도, 연령, 외식 횟수였다. 체중조절을 위하여 결식을 하는 경우는 아침식사 결식군에서 높았다. 체중조절을 위하여 결식을 하지 않는 대상자는 가구소득 4분위수의 수준에서 소득이 '하', '중하'일 때 아침결식 비율이 높았다. 가구소득수준이 '상', '중상' 대상자의 경우는 저녁식사 빈도가 주 3-4회 이하인 경우 아침결식 비율이 높았다. 저녁식사 빈도가 주 5-7회이더라도 연령이 14.5세 초과인 경우 아침결식을 하고 있으며, 연령이 14.5세 미만인 대상자들은 외식횟수가 일 1회 이상인 경우, 주 6회 이하인 경우 아침결식을 하고 있었다. 따라서 아침결식을 감소시키기 위해서 청소년 대상의 각 그룹의 결식 주요인에 따라 올바른 체중조절 방법, 아침식사 배달, 건강정보에 대한 접근성 높이기, 아침결식과 질병과의 관련성 교육을 위한 토론수업 및 역할놀이 등과 같은 맞춤형 교육이 필요하며, 향후 청소년의 저녁식사 결식 감소 방안에 대한 연구가 추가적으로 진행되어야 하겠다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.567-576
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• 2020

Purpose: Not enough attention has been paid to defecation habits in Japan. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of defecation habits on health and function in Japanese pupils. Methods: Using multiple regression analysis, 2,722 questionnaires obtained from pupils in grades 5 to 12 were analyzed to determine lifestyle habits associated with defecation frequency. Results: Significant regression formulae for defecation scores were obtained for all school types: elementary school (ES) (adjusted R²=0.08, p<0.001), junior high school (JHS) (0.09, p<0.001), and senior high school (SHS) (0.15, p<0.001). The following factors were associated with poorer defecation scores, according to school type: female gender (all 3 school types), breakfast skipping (elementary and JHSs), lower physical activity (JHSs and SHSs), and longer school-day screen time (elementary and SHSs). In addition, poorer self-reported academic performance scores in ES, less standardized body mass index (BMI) in JHS, and shorter non-school- day screen time scores in SHS, were associated with poorer defecation scores. Conclusion: Poor defecation frequency showed significant associations with various lifestyle habits, such as breakfast skipping, physical activity, and screen time, among pupils. Academic performance and standardized BMI were also associated with defecation frequency. More attention should be paid to defecation frequency to sustain health and function in pupils.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.17-35
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the determining factors that have influence on elementary students who go without breakfast and identified their physical, mental and social health that may resulted by skipping breakfast. Methods: For data collection, total 855 elementary students at the 5th and 6th grade in an urban and a rural area were asked to join the survey using a self-administered questionnaire from March 25 to April 9, 2005. The data were analyzed through a series of statistical methods including frequency, percentage, chi-square$(X^2)$ test, t-test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: It was found that 24.0 % of respondents would skip breakfast, and influential socioeconomic factors on their skipped breakfast were economic level and mother's occupation. A group that has meals more with family everyday and a group that has breakfast served by mother as usual showed significantly low percentage of going without breakfast at statistical level(p<0.05). In case that other family members used to go without breakfast, there was a tendency to significantly high rate of skipped breakfast(p<0.01). And a group who got up early in the morning and a group who scored high points in the assessment of dietary habit showed significantly low percentage of skipped breakfast(p<0.01). In the result of multiple logistic regression analysis, the significant variables in urban area were economic level, person setting up breakfast, getting-up time and family members who would skip a meal. In rural area, meal-skipping family member, person setting up breakfast and dietary habit were significant variables(p<0.05). In physical influences according to skipping breakfast, students would skip breakfast had more stomach or dizziness(p<0.05). Depression score were higher and school life score were lower in group skipping breakfast, but not statistically significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, in order to reduce the rate of elementary students who often go without breakfast, it is favorable that they should be instructed in the importance of breakfast and the harm of skipped meal, so that they can cultivate positive living habits and dietary attitudes as well. And it is necessary that this health education cover not only students but also all of their family members(especially mother). Furthermore, it is necessary to develop systematic programs for them to get over environment factors.