• 대한수학회지
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.179-193
• /
• 2003

The braid-permutation group is a group of welded braids which is the extension of Artin's braid groups by the symmetric groups. It is also described as a subgroup of the automorphism group of a free group. We also show that the plus-construction of the classifying space of the infinite braid-permutation group has the following two types of splittings BBP(equation omitted) B∑(equation omitted) $\times$ X, BBP(equation omitted) B $^{＋}$$\times$ Y＝S$^1$$\times$Y, where X, Y are some spaces.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.105-114
• /
• 2007

최근 다양한 목적의 대공간 사용이 보편화되고 있다. 이들 공간에 대한 다목적요구로 인해 최근 건립되는 대형 스포츠시설들은 스포츠뿐만 아니라 공연과 같은 다양한 이벤트를 수용하도록 요구받고 있다. 다양한 이벤트 상태의 제공을 위해서 건물의 일부를 부분적으로 개폐하는 방식의 사용이 빈번해지고 있으며 이와 같은 부분적 개폐는 자유음장과 확산음장의음향적 연결을 초래하여 음향설계단계에서 어려움을 초래할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 1/10 축소모형을 이용하여 확산음장과 자유음장의 음향적 연결에 따른 음장의 음향특성을 측정 분석하였다. 연구결과, 저중주파수 대역에서의 잔향시간은 개구율이 증가함에 따라 고주파수 대역에서보다 빠른 감쇠를 나타내었다. 또한 EDT는 모든 주파수대역에서 개구율 증가에 선형적으로 비례하여 감쇠하는 것으로 나타났다. 명료도는 개구율이 12.5%에 이르기까지 거의 영향을 받지 않으며 그 이후에는 선형적으로 비례하여 증가하였다. 에너지 감쇠패턴의 분석결과, 이중 및 삼중의 감쇠패턴이 나타나고 있으며, Schroeder 적분에 의한 잔향시간의 산출은 부적절한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 부분적 개방형 공간의 잔향예측에 있어서 EDT가 보다 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.328-338
• /
• 2013

This study aims at exploring the characteristics of interior design of the Cruise line running Korea, Japan and China, and the satisfaction level of the Korean passengers for the interior design. Literature review and the physical traces of the cruise ship interior including 4 types of cabins and public spaces such as main hall, restaurants, outdoor swimming pool, jogging track, theater, meeting room, duty-free shop were performed. Also, the questionnaire to the passengers were used to understand their preferences and satisfaction level for each space. The results show that the passengers are very satisfied with the color and atmosphere of the cabin, while they complain the inconvenience of the bathroom size. Also in the public space, they prefer western classic style and modern style rather than Asian or Korean style. This means that they want the exotic feeling coming out of home. Also they prefer buffet restaurant, duty-free shop, theater, observation platform compared to other public spaces. However, the problem is that there are no place for the Korean family members with young children except for the outdoor pool. The interior and the program should be redesigned for the public spacs such as cinema room, family karaoke and internet-free room for Korean passengers.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.1289-1300
• /
• 2011

최근 고성능 컴퓨터에서 메모리 사용량이 매우 큰 프로그램과 파일 접근을 많이 하는 프로그램을 동시에 실행하고 있다. 많은 메모리의 사용은 디스크의 스왑 공간에 대해 디스크 접근을 빈번히 발생시키고, 파일 접근은 디스크의 파일 시스템 파티션으로 디스크 접근을 야기한다. 이런 두 종류의 프로그램을 동시에 실행하면 스왑 공간과 파일 시스템 파티션 간에 디스크 탐색이 빈번히 발생할 수 있다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문은 SAF 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 파일 시스템 파티션에 새롭게 여러 개의 스왑 공간을 배치하고, 이들 공간에 페이지-아웃되는 페이지들을 저장한다. 즉, 페이지들은 가장 최근에 접근한 파일의 디스크 위치에 근접한 스왑 공간에 저장된다. 이 스왑 공간이 기존의 스왑 공간에 비해 최근 접근된 파일의 위치로부터 가까운 거리에 있기 때문에 파일 접근 후 발생하는 디스크 탐색의 시간을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 성능 검증을 위해 BSD기반의 FreeBSD 6.2 운영체제에 SAF를 구현하였고, 5개의 벤치마크를 실행하여 성능을 측정하였다. 성능 측정 결과 SAF는 FreeBSD에 비해 벤치마크의 실행 시간을 약 14%∼42% 감소시켰다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권11호
• /
• pp.6845-6850
• /
• 2013

Background: This study was performed to gather data on second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations in a range of public venues following the implementation of partial Smoke-Free Legislation in Malaysia in 2004. Materials and Methods: $PM_{2.5}$ was measured as a marker of SHS levels in a total of 61 restaurants, entertainment centres, internet caf$\acute{e}$s and pubs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results: Under the current smoke-free laws smoking was prohibited in 42 of the 61 premises. Active smoking was observed in nearly one-third (n=12) of these. For premises where smoking was prohibited and no active smoking observed, the mean (standard deviation) indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 33.4 (23.8) ${\mu}g/m^3$ compared to 187.1 (135.1) ${\mu}g/m^3$ in premises where smoking was observed The highest mean $PM_{2.5}$ was observed in pubs [361.5 (199.3) ${\mu}g/m^3$]. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of high levels of SHS across a range of hospitality venues, including about one-third of those where smoking is prohibited, despite 8 years of smoke-free legislation. Compliance with the legislation appeared to be particularly poor in entertainment centres and internet caf$\acute{e}$s. Workers and non-smoking patrons continue to be exposed to high concentrations of SHS within the hospitality industry in Malaysia and there is an urgent need for increased enforcement of existing legislation and consideration of more comprehensive laws to protect health.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.23-41
• /
• 1988

Environmental design pattern of the nine Small Urban Spaces at C.B.D. in City of Seoul are surveyed and analyzed for user's satisfaction and behavior under the environmental design evaluation by using Chrisopher Alexander's Pattern Language. Small Urban Spaces as a part of streetscape are formed by physical factors as well as visual environment and interacting user's behavior. Therefore, user's satisfacuion and behavior at the nine Urban Small Spaces were investigated under the further search for some possibilities of a pplication of those Pattern Languages. A pattern language has a structure of a network. It is used in sequence, going through the patterns, moving always from large patterns to smaller, always from the ones which create comes simply from the obsernation that most of the wonderful places of the city were not made by architects but by the people. It defines the limited number of arrangements of spaces that make sense in any given culture. And it actually gives us the power to generate these coherent arrangement of space. As a results, 'Plazl', 'Seats' and 'Accessibility' related design patterns are highly evaluated by Pattern Frequency, Pattern Interaction and their Composition ranks, thus reconfirm Whyte's Praise of urban Small Spaces in our inner city design environments. According to the multiple regression analysis of user's evaluation, the environmental functins related to the satisfaction were 'Plaza', 'Accessibility' and 'Paving'. According to the free response, user's prefer such visually pleasing environmental design object as 'Waterscape' and 'Setting'. In addition to, the basic needs in Urban Small Spaces are amenity facilities as bench, drinking water and shade for rest.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.349-361
• /
• 2012

CAT(0) cubical complexes are a key to formulate geodesic spaces with nonpositive curvatures. The paper discusses the median structure of CAT90) cubical complexes. Especially, the underlying graph of a CAT(0) cubical complex is a median graph. Using the idea of median structure, this paper shows that groups acting on median complexes L(${\delta}$) groups and, in addition, work L(0) groups are closed under free product.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• 제51권3호
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 2011

In this article we introduce the fuzzy real valued double sequence spaces $_2{\ell}^F$ (p) where p = ($p_{nk}$) is a double sequence of bounded strictly positive numbers. We study their different properties like completeness, solidness, symmetricity, convergence free etc. We prove some inclusion results also.

• 대한수학회지
• /
• 제54권6호
• /
• pp.1759-1786
• /
• 2017

We examine the moduli space of oriented locally homogeneous manifolds of Type ${\mathcal{A}}$ which have non-degenerate symmetric Ricci tensor both in the setting of manifolds with torsion and also in the torsion free setting where the dimension is at least 3. These exhibit phenomena that is very different than in the case of surfaces. In dimension 3, we determine all the possible symmetry groups in the torsion free setting.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• 제16권1_2호
• /
• pp.165-181
• /
• 2004

Based on Landau-type transformation, a Stefan problem with non-linear free boundary condition is transformed into a system consisting of parabolic equation and the ordinary differential equations. Semidiscrete approximations are constructed. Optimal orders of convergence of semidiscrete approximation in $L_2$, $H^1$ and $H^2$ normed spaces are derived.