• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.702-711
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• 2015

천마를 다양한 용매(물, 에탄올 및 70%) 및 다양한 농도 (0.725, 1.25, 2.5 및 5 mg/mL)로 추출하고 추출된 물질을 젖산균과 유용미생물(Effective Microorganisms)로 발효시킨 다음, 이들 물질들이 화장품 소재로 활용 가능한가를 확인하였다. 물, 에탄올 및 70% 에탄올로 추출한 물질들을 각각 0.725, 1.25, 2.5 및 5 mg/mL 농도에서 실험한 결과, flavonoid, polyphenol 및 DPPH free radical scavenger 등과 같은 항산화물질은 에탄올 추출물에 가장 많이 함유되어 있었고, DPPH radical 소거능은 유용미생물로 발효시킨 천마를 에탄올로 추출한 경우 1.25 mg/mL에서 $27.08{\pm}0.5%$이었으나 2.5 mg/mL에서는 $27.08{\pm}0.5%$로 증가하였다. 미백 활성을 측정할 수 있는 tyrosinase 활성 저해 실험에서는 EtOH 추출물을 젖산균으로 발효시켰을 때 가장 저해 효과가 우수하였고(0.725 mg/mL에서 $39.1{\pm}0.4%$, 2.5 mg/mL에서 $62.8{\pm}1.5%$), RAW 264.7 Cells을 이용한 세포 생존율 실험 결과 물, EtOH, 70% EtOH 추출물과 이들의 발효 물질 모두 85%이상의 세포 생존율을 나타내 세포의 염증에 대한 안정성을 확인하였다. ROS 생성으로 인한 항산화 실험에서는 양성 대조군으로 RAW 264.7 cells을 lipopolysaccharide로 자극시켜 활성화된 세포에 비발효와 발효에 따른 추출물을 농도별로 처리하였을 때 유효미생물로 발효시켰을 경우가 가장 항산화성이 높은 것으로 확인하였다. 이상과 같은 연구결과 천마 추출 및 발효 물질은 화장품용 항산화제, tyrosinase 활성 저해제 및 항염증제로 사용될 수 있음을 알았다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.146-149
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• 2002

Oxidative stress evoked hy Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has been suggested to be involved in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. In this study, the role of oxidative stress in UV-carcinogenesis was evaluated by applying N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in animal model of hairless-mouse. NAC is known to be a precursor of glutathione, which was converted to glutathione in cytoplasm, acting as an intracellular free radical scavenger. The glutathione levels in hairless mouse skin after one time application of NAC increased significantly. With and without the pre-treatment of NAC, hairless-mice were exposed to UVB three times a week, at total dose 274.4 kJ in 80 times, and the timing of tumor-development, incidence of skin tumor and the histopathology of tumors were observed. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-0HdG), a typical form of oxidative damage in DNA has been also investigated in the course of experiment. The decrease of 8-0HdG formation of UVB- exposed skin compared to controls was observed in the early stage of experiment in the NAC-treated mice. In addition, initial tumor development delayed significantly in NAC-treated group. Finally the number of the tumor developed in the NAC-treated mice was fewer though not significant. These results suggest that antioxidants may have inhibitory effect in the initial step of UVB-induced carcinogenesis of hairless mice.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.774-782
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• 2004

The water extract of Dancheonhwan (DCH) has been used to treat ischemic brain and heart damage in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of DCH rescues cells from ischemic damage. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of DCH on the H₂O₂-induced toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Treatment of H₂O₂ markedly decreased the viability of H9c2 cardiomyoblast in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The nature of H₂O₂-induced toxicity of H9c2 cells resulted from apoptotic death confirmed with genomic DNA fragmentation. DCH increased the viability of H₂O₂-treated H9c2 cells by about 23%, and partially suppressed the genomic DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage. H₂O₂ also activated caspase-3 protease and -9 protease, but not both caspase-6 protease and -8 protease. H₂O₂ induced the mitochondria dysfunction, including mitochondria membrane permeability transition (MPT) and cytosolic release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which was prevented in part by pretreatment of DCH. N-acetylcystein (NAC), a free-radical scavenger, alone increased the viability of H₂O₂-treated H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the combination of NAC with DCH significantly increased the viability of the H₂O₂-treated H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate that DCH has the protective effect on ROS-induced apoptosis of cadiomyoblast H9c2 cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.803-809
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Oxidative DNA damage may contribute to cancer risk and the antioxidant paraoxonase is one endogenous free radical scavenger in the human body which could therefore exert an influeence. Purpose: Aim of this study was to determine the role of serum arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase 1(PON1) activities in CRC patients and to find any association between (PON1) Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms in CRC patients. Also the serum ARE and PON1 activities in CRC patients will be investigated before and after surgery Materials and Methods: This study involved a total of 50 patients with newly diagnosed CRC and 80 healthy controls. PON1 and ARE activities were determined using an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. PON1 Q192R and L55M gene polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based restriction fragment analysis. The restriction enzyme AlwI was used to examine the Q192R polymorphism and Hsp92II for the L55M polymorphism. Results: Significant differences in the PON1 Q192R polymorphism were found between patients and controls. The Q allele was more frequent in the patient group than in controls, while the R allele was more frequent in the controls. Significant differences were found in the L55M polymorphism. Additionally, there were significant differences in L and M allele frequencies (p=0.001). The serum activities of PON1 and ARE were low in QQ and MM genotype. Conclusions: serum PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in CRC patients compared to healthy subjects. The R allele may protect against colorectal cancer.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2007

Objectives: Our previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protective effect of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYPs) from the Circium japonicum aqua-acupuncture solution (CJAS). But, Circium japonicum water extracted solution (CJWS) was weakly reported in cardiovascular diseases such as oxidative stress-mediated atherosclerosis or its value evaluated. Methods: CJWS was assessed to determine the mechanism of its scavenging activity of ROS and inhibitory effect of CYP 2E1. Results: CJWS exhibited a concentration-dependent scavenger of DPPH and superoxide anions radicals using different assay systems. In addition, CJWS showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, including hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and nitric oxide. The CJWS was also found to be effective in protecting rat liver homogenate against LPO. Futhermore, the CJWS showed significant inhibition of CYP 2E1 induced by pyrazol in a rat liver microsome. Conclusion : ROS and CYPs may play a role in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Our study demonstrated that the CJWS has excellent scavenging activity of ROS. Hence, it is worthwhile to investigate the potential effectiveness of CJWS in preventing oxidative stress-mediated cardiovascular diseases.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of solvent extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis. The S. baicalensis was successively extracted with 5 kinds of solvents. The obtained samples were as follows; hexan fraction (IPK-1), chloroform fraction(IPK-2), ethyl acetate fraction(IPK-3), butanol fraction(IPK-4), and water fraction(IPK-5). These extracts were determined to process antibacterial effects using a paper disc method against 18 species of human pathogenic bacteria, antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method and inhibiting ability of linoleic acid autoxidation. Extracts of S. baicalensis has shown selective antibacterial effects on various strains of bacteria. Ethyl acetate fraction(IPK-3) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against selective bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus 285, S. aureus 503. In antioxidant activity test, free radical scavenger activity of IPK-3 fraction was 92% compared with BHA at the same concentration, while lipid peroxidation inhibition was 48%. These results suggest that IPK-3 fraction of S. baicalensis could be suitable in development of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.158-172
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• 2017

Nigella sativa (N. sativa, family Ranunculaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used for centuries throughout the world as a natural remedy. A wide range of chemical compounds found in N. sativa expresses its vast therapeutic effects. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main component (up to 50%) in the essential oil of N. sativa. Also, pinene (up to 15%), p-cymene (40%), thymohydroquinone (THQ), thymol (THY), and dithymoquinone (DTQ) are other pharmacologically active compounds of its oil. Other terpenoid compounds, such as carvacrol, carvone, 4-terpineol, limonenes, and citronellol, are also found in small quantities in its oil. The main pharmacological characteristics of this plant are immune system stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, anti-tussive, milk production, uricosuric, choleretic, anti-fertility, and spasmolytic properties. In this regard, we have searched the scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with keywords of N. sativa, anti-cancer, apoptotic effect, antitumor, antioxidant, and malignancy over the period from 2000 to 2017. The effectiveness of N. sativa against cancer in the blood system, kidneys, lungs, prostate, liver, and breast and on many malignant cell lines has been shown in many studies, but the molecular mechanisms behind that anti-cancer role are still not clearly understood. From among the many effects of N. sativa, including its anti-proliferative effect, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS generation, anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis effects, Akt pathway control, modulation of multiple molecular targets, including p53, p73, STAT-3, PTEN, and $PPAR-{\gamma}$, and activation of caspases, the main suggestive anti-cancer mechanisms of N. sativa are its free radical scavenger activity and the preservation of various anti-oxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and the anti-cancer effects of N. sativa, with a focus on its molecular targets in apoptosis pathways.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2017

Background: In this study, examined the effects of an extract of a mixture of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, Paeonia lactiflora, and Rehmannia glutinosa fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with enhanced value and functionality. In oriental medicine, a mixture of these herbs is called Samultang. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the effects of a fermented extract of Samultang on oxidative stress, procollagen type I expression, and melanin production. Samultang was extracted with 70% ethanol, followed by inoculation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides to obtain the fermented extract. The evaluation of viability of B16F10 cells and human foreskin fibroblast (HHF) revealed that both ethanol and fermented extracts of Samultang were non-toxic. The results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test showed that the fermented extract of Samultang ($SC_{50}value=100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) was a more effective DPPH free radical scavenger than its ethanol extract. In addition, procollagen type I expression was higher in cells treated with the fermented extract of Samultang than in cells treated with ethanol. In the non-toxic concentration range, the fermented extract of Samultang showed strong inhibitory effect on melanin production in ${\alpha}-melanocyte$ stimulatin hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells ($IC_{50}=37.9{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Conclusions: These results suggest that the fermented extract of Samultang has considerable protential as a cosmetic ingredient owing to its antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Ceria ($CeO_2$) was used to scavenge free radicals which attack the membrane in the polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) circumstance and to increase the duration of the membrane. In order to improve the electrochemical, mechanical and electrocatalytic characteristics, engineering plastic of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) as polymer matrix was prepared in the sulfonation reaction of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and the organic-inorganic blended composite membranes were prepared by sol-gel casting method with loading the highly dispersed ceria and cesium-substituted phophomolybdic acid(Cs-MoPA) with cross-linking agent contents of 0.01mL. In conclusion, CL-SPEEK/$Cs_{(2.5)}$-MoPA/ceria(1%) membrane showed the optimum results such as 0.1095S/cm of proton conductivity at $80^{\circ}C$, 2.906meq./g-dry-membrane of ion exchange capacity and mechanical characteristics, and 49.73MPa of tensile strength which were better than Nafion 117 membrane.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.437-447
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• 2012

Ceria ($CeO_2$) was used to scavenge free radicals which attack the membrane in the polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) circumstance and to increase the duration of the membrane. In order to improve the electrochemical, mechanical and electrocatalytic characteristics, engineering plastic of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) as polymer matrix was prepared in the sulfonation reaction of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and the organic-inorganic blended composite membranes were prepared by sol-gel casting method with loading the highly dispersed ceria and cesium-substituted tungstophosphoric acid (Cs-TPA) with cross-linking agent contents of 0.01 mL. In conclusion, CL-SPEEK/Cs-TPA/ceria (1%) membrane showed the optimum results such as 0.130 S/cm of proton conductivity at $80^{\circ}C$, 2.324 meq./g-dry-membrane of ion exchange capacity and mechanical characteristics, and 65.03 MPa of tensile strength which were better than Nafion 117 membrane.