• 대한교통학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2003

본 연구는 $\circled1$Cellular Automata(이하 CA)모형을 기반으로 대규모 네트워크에 적용 가능한 보다 현실적인 CA차량모형 구축. $\circled2$구축된 CA차량모형을 이용한 차량 모의실험기의 개발과 개발된 차량 모의실험기를 이용한 단기링크통행시간 예측으로 구성된다. 구축된 CA차량추종모형은 기존의 CA차량추종모형 보다 현실적으로 감속을 통한 정지과정을 설명하면서 거시적 지표인 교통량-밀도-속도관계를 설명하였다. 또한 링크의 유출교통량(Outflow)을 제어하기 위한 차량의 링크전이모형은 기존의 차량 링크전이모형에 비하여 보다 안정된 대기차량을 형성하였다. 단기링크통행시간 예측을 위한 차량모의실험기는 대규모 가로망에 적용이 가능하도록 차량묶음(Packet, 이하차량묶음)방식과 링크기반 모의실험방식으로 컴퓨터의 연산 수행속도 및 메모리를 효율적으로 처리할 수 있었으며, 기존의 시계열자료 예측기법에서 고려할 수 없었던 차량의 행태 및 링크 상에서 발생하는 이동류 과포화, 뒷막힘현상 등의 메커니즘을 고려함으로서 기존 시계열자료 예측기법에 비하여 우수한 예측력을 보였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2015

본 연구는 고강도 고함량 고로슬래그 콘크리트의 특성에 미치는 석회석 미분말과 실리카퓸의 영향을 검토하기 위해 50%에서 최대 80%까지 고로슬래그를 다량 혼합하고, 석회석 미분말을 최대 20%, 실리카퓸을 최대 10%까지 혼합한 물-결합재비 20%의 고강도 시멘트 모르터의 유동성, 강도발현, 수화 및 포졸란 반응 특성, 공극율 및 공극 크기 분포 등을 분석하였다. 실험결과에 따르면 고함량 고로슬래그 배합은 포틀랜드 시멘트 배합에 비해 고로슬래그의 낮은 표면 마찰로 유동성이 크게 향상되고, 시멘트 수화에 필요한 자유수가 많아져 수화반응이 촉진되면서 초기강도가 증가하나, 너무 낮은 물-결합재비와 단위시멘트량으로 인해 수산화칼슘의 생성량이 부족하여 포졸란 반응이 충분히 활성화되지 못함에 따라 장기강도 발현이 억제된다. 석회석 미분말은 유동성에는 큰 영향을 주지 않고, 역시 시멘트의 초기 수화를 촉진하는 것으로 나타났으나, 수화를 가속하는 효과는 고로슬래그보다 높지 않고, 고로슬래그와 달리 수경성이 없기 때문에 오히려 석회석 미분말의 치환율이 높아질수록 압축강도가 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 고분말의 고로슬래그를 사용하거나, 또는 실리카퓸으로 고로슬래그를 치환하는 경우 시멘트 수화에 필요한 자유수를 더 많이 흡착함으로써 유동성과 강도를 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 고로슬래그를 사용한 배합의 공극율이 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 배합보다 낮게 나타났으나, 석회석 미분말은 공극율에 뚜렷한 영향을 나타내지 않았고 실리카퓸은 낮은 시멘트 수화도로 인해 공극율을 오히려 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 공극 크기 분포에 있어서는 고로슬래그와 실리카퓸를 혼합한 경우 미세공극이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2006

수치해석을 통하여 이어도 종합해양과학기지 구조물이 대기 유동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 이 결과를 바탕으로 과학기지에 설치된 풍속센서에서의 측정값 오차를 평가하는 연구를 수행하였다. 과학기지 형상을 3차원으로 모델링하였고 수치해석을 위한 격자를 생성하여, Navier-Stokes 방정식 및 난류모델을 적용하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 선정된 자유류의 풍속과 풍향 조건에 대하여 과학기지 구조물에 의해 변화된 유동장을 계산하고, 실제 풍속센서가 설치된 위치에서의 풍속/풍향 정보와 자유류를 비교하였다. 이를 통하여 자유류 방향 및 측정 위치에 따른 데이터의 정확도와 신뢰할 수 있는 데이터 범위를 알아보았다. 본 연구 결과로 관측된 해상풍 데이터의 구조물 간섭에 의한 오차 범위를 정량적으로 파악할 수 있었으며, 과학기지가 위치한 지점의 정확한 해상풍 데이터 제공을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 1998

국제물류를 국제무역의 물적유통과 국제 화물유동으로 정의하고 방법론상의 변화를 고찰한 결과 다음과 같은 과제를 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 국제물류에 관한 연구방법의 개발로 물류를 단지 수송의 현상으로써 인식하는 것이 아니라 생산과 소비를 결합하고 정보류를 포함한 종합적 로지스틱으로써 이해할 필요성이 있다. 둘째, 국제물류 유동의 모델화에 관한 연구는 장차 도시를 포함한 지역간의 관계를 주목하는 미시적 관점에서의 연구가 필요하다. 그리고 글로벌 경제로 국가뿐만 아니라 다국적 기업도 무역의 주체로 등장하기 때문에 문화적.행동론적 요소를 가미한 입지론과 경제지리학은 새로 구축되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 국제물류를 배경으로 한 항만과 그 후배지와의 관계에 대한 연구는 기업의 의사결정 행동으로서 항만의 이용을 야기시키는 요인까지 분석할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 석유파동 이후 輕薄短小 화물, 유연적 전문화로 인한 다품종 소량 생산체제와 자유무역주의의 등장과, 신선도를 요하는 식료품이나 화훼 등의 고속수송의 필요성으로 항공 화물수송이 중요시되고 있기 때문에 국제공항을 중심으로 화물의 후배지와 지향지에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기된다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2022

Micro hydropower is a readily available renewable energy source that can be harvested utilizing hydrokinetic turbines from shallow water canals, irrigation and industrial channel flows, and run-off river stream flows. These sources generally have low head (<1 m) and low velocity which makes it difficult to harvest energy using conventional turbines. A horizontal-axis screw turbine was designed and numerically tested to extract power from such low-head water sources. The 3-bladed screw-type turbine is placed horizontally perpendicular to the incoming flow, partially submerged in a narrow water channel at no-head condition. The turbine hydraulic performances were studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics models. Turbine design parameters such as the shroud diameter, the hub-to-shroud ratios, and the submerged depths were obtained through a steady-state parametric study. The resulting turbine configuration was then tested by solving the unsteady multiphase free-surface equations mimicking an actual open channel flow scenario. The turbine performance in the shallow channel were studied for various Tip Speed Ratios (TSR). The highest power coefficient was obtained at a TSR of 0.3. The turbine was then scaled-up to test its performance on a real site condition at a head of 0.3 m. The highest power coefficient obtained was 0.18. Several losses were observed in the 3-bladed turbine design and to minimize losses, the number of blades were increased to five. The power coefficient improved by 236% for a 5-bladed screw turbine. The fluid losses were minimized by increasing the blade surface area submerged in water. The turbine performance was increased by 74.4% after dipping the turbine to a bottom wall clearance of 30 cm from 60 cm. The final output of the novel horizontal-axis screw turbine showed a 2.83 kW power output at a power coefficient of 0.63. The turbine is expected to produce 18,744 kWh/year of electricity. The design feasibility test of the turbine showed promising results to harvest energy from small hydropower sources.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2004

YB $a_2$C $u_3$$O_{7-x}$ (YBCO) films were deposited on (100) SrTi $O_3$ single crystal substrates by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system of hot-wall type using single liquid source. Under the condition of the mole ratio of Y(tmhd)$_3$:Ba(tmhd)$_2$:Cu(tmhd)$_2$= 1:2.1:2.9. the deposition pressure of 10 Torr. the MO source line speed of 15 cm/min. the Ar/ $O_2$ flow rate of 800/800 sccm. YBCO films were prepared at the deposition temperatures of 780∼89$0^{\circ}C$. In case of the YBCO films with 2.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness deposited for 6 minutes at 86$0^{\circ}C$. XRD pattern showed complete c-axis growth and SEM morphology showed dense and crack-free surface. The atomic ratios of Ba/Y and Cu/Ba in the film were 1.92 and 1.56. respectively. The deposition rate of the film was as high as 0.37 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/min. The critical temperature ( $T_{c.zero}$) of the film was 87K. The critical current of the film was 104 A/cm-width. and the critical current density was 0.47 MA/$\textrm{cm}^2$. For the thinner film of 1.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness. the critical current density of 0.62 MA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was obtained.d.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2006

Many issues arose to use the Pb-free solder as adhesive materials in MEMS ICs and packaging. Then this study for easy and simple sealing method using adhesive materials was carried out to maintain hermetic characteristic in MEMS Package. In this study, Hermetic characteristic using negative PR (XP SU-8 3050 NO-2) as adhesive at the interface of Si test coupon/glass substrate and Si test coupon/LTCC substrate was examined. For experiment, the dispenser pressure was 4 MPa and the $200\;{\mu}m{\Phi}$ syringe nozzle was used. 3.0 mm/sec as speed of dispensing and 0.13 mm as the gap between Si test coupon and nozzle was selected to machine condition. 1 min at $65^{\circ}C$ and 15 min at $95^{\circ}C$ as Soft bake, $200\;mj/cm^2$ expose in 365 nm wavelength as UV expose, 1 min at $65^{\circ}C$ and 6 min at $95^{\circ}C$ as Post expose bake, 60 min at $150^{\circ}C$ as hard bake were selected to activation condition of negative PR. Hermetic sealing was achieved at the Si test coupon/ glass substrate and Si test coupon/LTCC substrate. The leak rate of Si test coupon/glass substrate was $5.9{\times}10^{-8}mbar-l/sec$, and there was no effect by adhesive method. The leak rate of Si test coupon/LTCC substrate was $4.9{\times}10^{-8}mbar-l/sec$, and there was no effect by dispensing cycle. Better leak rate value could be achieved to use modified substrate which prevent PR flow, to increase UV expose energy and to use system that controls gap automatically with vision.

• 천문학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2012

We explore how wave-particle interactions affect diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at astrophysical shocks by performing time-dependent kinetic simulations, in which phenomenological models for magnetic field amplification (MFA), Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift, thermal leakage injection, Bohm-like diffusion, and a free escape boundary are implemented. If the injection fraction of cosmic-ray (CR) particles is ${\xi}$ > $2{\times}10^{-4}$, for the shock parameters relevant for young supernova remnants, DSA is efficient enough to develop a significant shock precursor due to CR feedback, and magnetic field can be amplified up to a factor of 20 via CR streaming instability in the upstream region. If scattering centers drift with Alfv$\acute{e}$n speed in the amplified magnetic field, the CR energy spectrum can be steepened significantly and the acceleration efficiency is reduced. Nonlinear DSA with self-consistent MFA and Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift predicts that the postshock CR pressure saturates roughly at ~10 % of the shock ram pressure for strong shocks with a sonic Mach number ranging $20{\leq}M_s{\leq}100$. Since the amplified magnetic field follows the flow modification in the precursor, the low energy end of the particle spectrum is softened much more than the high energy end. As a result, the concave curvature in the energy spectra does not disappear entirely even with the help of Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift. For shocks with a moderate Alfv$\acute{e}$n Mach number ($M_A$ < 10), the accelerated CR spectrum can become as steep as $E^{-2.1}$ - $E^{-2.3}$, which is more consistent with the observed CR spectrum and gamma-ray photon spectrum of several young supernova remnants.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2001

Polymerization of light-activated restorations results in temperature increase caused by both the exothermic reaction process and the energy absorbed during irradiation. Within composite resin, temperature increases up to 2$0^{\circ}C$ or more during polymerization. But, insulation of hard tissue of tooth lowers this temperature increase in pulp. However, many clinicians are concerned about intrapulpal temperature injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temperature changes in the pulp according to various restorative materials and bases during curing procedure. Caries and restoration-free mandibular molars extracted within three months were prepared Class I cavity of 3$\times$6mm with high speed handpiece fissure bur. 1mm depth of dentin was evaluated with micrometer in mesial and distal pulp horns. Pulp chambers were filled with 37.0$\pm$0.1$^{\circ}C$ water to CEJ. Chromium-alumina thermocouple was placed in pulp horn below restorative materials for evaluating of temperature changes. This thermocouple was connected to temperature-recording device(Multiplication analyzer MX, 6.000, JAPAN). Temperature changes was evaluated from initial 37.$0^{\circ}C$ after temperature changes to 37.$0^{\circ}C$. Tip of curing unit was placed in the center of prepared cavity separated 1mm from restorative materials. Curing time was 40s. The restorative materials were used with Z 100, Fuji II LC, Compoglass flow and bases were used with Vitrebond, Dycal. Resrorative materials were placed in 2mm. The depth of bases were formed in 1mm and in this upper portion, resin of 2mm depth was placed. This procedure was performed 10 times. The results were as follows. 1. All the groups showed that the temperature in pulp increased as curing time increased 2. The temperature increase of glass ionomer was significantly higher than that of Resin and Compomer during curing procedure (P<0.05). 3. The temperature increase in glass ionomer base was significantly higher than that of Calcium hydroxide base during Resin curing procedure (P<0.05).

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.400-409
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• 2016

In recent, shipping companies have made an enormous effort to improve the operation of vessel in various approaches, due to recession of shipping market and increasing competition among shipping companies. One of important parameters for improving the efficiency of vessel is the resistance performance that consist of friction and residual resistance. Especially, it is recognized that the friction resistance tends to be affected by conditions of vessel’s surface and occupies approximately 70~90% of the total resistance for slow speed ships. In general, the surface of vessel is covered with various type of paint to reduce fouling and corrosion. As time goes by, however, it is so hull roughness would be increased by fouling over the wetted surface that anti-fouling paints, such as CDP(Controlled Depletion Paint), Tin-Free SPC(Self Polishing Co-polymer) or Foul Release, are applied evenly on the hull surface. Nevertheless, these anti-fouling paints could not prevent fouling absolutely. A fundamental study on evaluating ship resistance performance variation due to hull roughness has been performed using a commercial software, Star-CCM+, which solves the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible and viscous flow. The results of present simulation for plate are compared with some experimental data available and the effect of surface roughness to ship resistance performance is discussed.