• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2023

Immobilizing microalgae cells in a hyphal matrix can simplify harvest while producing novel mycoalgae products with potential food, feed, biomaterial, and renewable energy applications; however, limited quantitative information to describe the process and its applicability under various conditions leads to difficulties in comparing across studies and scaling-up. Here, we demonstrate the immobilization of both active and heat-deactivated marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (UTEX 466) using different loadings of fungal pellets (Aspergillus sp.) and model the process through kinetics and equilibrium models. Active P. tricornutum cells were not required for the fungal-assisted immobilization process and the fungal isolate was able to immobilize more than its original mass of microalgae. The Freundlich isotherm model adequately described the equilibrium immobilization characteristics and indicated increased normalized algae immobilization (g algae removed/g fungi loaded) under low fungal pellet loadings. The kinetics of algae immobilization by the fungal pellets were found to be adequately modeled using both a pseudo-second order model and a model previously developed for fungal-assisted algae immobilization. These results provide new insights into the behavior and potential applications of fungal-assisted algae immobilization.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.367-374
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• 2001

Leaves of two developmental stages of Salsola species, young and mature, were examined to reveal the structural and functional relationships in the photosynthetic tissue using anatomical and ultrastructural criteria. Both young and mature leaves had Kranz anatomy of the Salsolid type with two layers of chlorenchyma on the leaf periphery: an outer layer of palisade mesophyll cells and an inner layer of compact bundle sheath cells with centripetally arranged organelles. The chlorenchyma was continuous in young leaves , while it was discontinuous in mature leaves. The main vascular bundle occupied the central position in the leaf. but the small peripheral vascular bundles were in contact with the chlorenchyma. Structural dimorphism of chloroplasts was obvious in bundle sheath cells of mature leaves exhibiting noticeable grana reduction, whereas mesophyll cell chloroplasts had well developed grana in all cases. Plasmodesmata were less numerous and rather simple in young leaves relative to well-developed secondary plasmodesmata of the later stage. According to the current data, features of two stages of Salsola leaves corresponded to NADP-ME bio-chemical subtype on the basis of photosynthetic cell ultrastructure. Implications of developing such anatomical and ultrastructural data of Sulsola species and biochemical characteristics reported in other C-4 species have been discussed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 1997

The skin permeation study has two meanings in cosmetics. One is how to promote the skin permeation of active meterials for improving their bioavailabilities and the other is how to decrease it of irritants for reducing their skin side effects. In this study, we selected methyl paraben, one of the preservatives, as a model irritant and tried to reduce the skin irritation by the decrease of skin permeation. Furthermore, the relationship between skin permeation and skin primary irritation was discussed. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz type diffusion cells and the excised skin of female hairless mouse from 8 weeks old were used. The donor compartment was charged with oil only or O/W emulsion containing 0.3% MP. We selected 19 oils, including esters, triglycerides, plant oils, hydrocarbons, and alchols, which are broadly used in cosmetics. We evaluated with female guinea pig. The skin permeahility of MP from the oils showed following order: ester oils > triglycerides > plant oils > hydrocarbons > alcohols. We considered that this result was based on the different effect of each oil on the barrier function of stratum corneum. In O/W emulsion containing each oil, the skin permeability of MP decreased as the oil/water partition coefficient of MP increased. The skin primary irritation increased as the skin permeability of MP increased. In conclusion, we suggest that the skin irritation could be reduced by the decrease of skin permeability of MP, which may be obtained by the good selection of oils in cosmetic preparations.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.19-21
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• 2009

This study was performed to examine the possibility of increasing the level of furosemide permeation from the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix through the skin by incorporating various enhancers in the EVA matrix. The effects of the enhancers on the level of furosemide permeation through the skin were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells with intact excised rat skins. The enhancers examined were the fatty acids (saturated, unsaturated), the pyrrolidones, the propylene glycol derivatives, the glycerides and the non-ionic surfactants. Among the enhancers used, polyoxyethylene-2-oleyl ether (a non-ionic surfactant) showed the best enhancement. The polyoxyethylene 2-oleyl ether as a permeation enhancer could be used for development of furosemide-EVA transdermal matrix system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of stabilization of retinyl palmitate (RP) on its skin permeation and distribution profiles. Skin permeation and distribution study were performed using Franz diffusion cells along with rat dorsal skin, and the effect of drug concentration and the addition of pectin on skin deposition profiles of RP was observed. The skin distribution of RP increased in a concentration dependent manner and the formulations containing 0.5 and 1 mg of pectin demonstrated significantly increased RP distributions in the epidermis. Furthermore, it was found that skin distribution of RP could be further improved by combined use of pectin and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), due largely to their anti-oxidative effect. These results clearly demonstrate that the skin deposition properties of RP can be improved by stabilizing RP with pectin. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that pectin could be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations as an efficient stabilizing agent and as skin penetration modulator.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

Paclitaxel (PTX) is an antineoplastic agent approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast carcinomas. However, the use of paclitaxel as an anticancer drug is limited by its extremely poor water solubility (below $0.3\;{\mu}g/mL$). Furthermore, it has very low bioavailability when administered orally because paclitaxel is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump. In this study, buccal delivery of PTX was investigated as one of the alternatives for PTX delivery. Ethanol and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) were selected as permeation enhancing agents to increase solubility and permeation across buccal mucosa of PTX. At the different concentrations of ethanol solution ($30{\sim}70\;w/w\;%$), PTX permeation was studied, followed effects of GMO in the concentration range of $2.5{\sim}25%$ with ethanol vesicle. The transbuccal ability of PTX was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells mounted with rabbit buccal mucosa. As a result, incorporation of PTX into ethanol vesicle with GMO significantly enhanced the PTX permeation in rabbit buccal mucosa. Particularly, the mixtures of ethanol:water:GMO at the ratio of 50:47.5:2.5 showed the most excellent enhancing ability. The results showed a promising possibility for buccal delivery of PTX.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.38-44
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• 1998

The skin permeation and the skin primary irritation of two UV filters from caprylic capryl triglyceride (oil), oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) emulsions, were evaluated. We selected octyl moth-oxycinnamate (OMC) broadly used in cosmetics and polymeric sunscreen agent (PSA, average MW: 2,000) synthesized by the coupling reaction of 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxycinnamate with poly vinylbenzyl chloride, as model UV filters. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area:1.766cm) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used. Oil or emulsion containing UV filters was applied in the donor compartment. The skin primary irritation was evaluated with fe-male guinea pigs (8-10 weeks,350-400 g). In oil and emulsions, the skin permeability and the skin primary irritation of PSA were lower than those of OMC. The skin permeability of UV filters was lower when they were in oil-in-water emulsion (OIW) than water-in-oil emulsion (W/O). We suggest that O/W system would be more useful when compared with W/O system, and PSA could be a good candidate for a future sunscreen agent for reducing the skin irritation.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.87-107
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• 2003

It was demonstrated that Transactivating transcriptional activator(TAT) protein from HIV-1 shown to enter cells when added to the surrounding media. TAT peptide chemically attached to various proteins was able to deliver these proteins to various cell and even in tissues in mice with high levels in heart and spleen. In this study, the tripeptide GKH(Glycine-Lysine-Histidine) derived from Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which was known as lipolytic peptide, is attached to 9-poly Lysine(TAT) to be used as a cosmetic ingredient for slimming products. When Glycerol release, expressed as extracellular glycerol concentration, is lipolysis index, TAT-GKH at $10^{-5}$mo1/L induces approximately 41.5% maximal lipolytic effects in epididymal adipocytes isolated from rats, compared with basal lipolysis. Epididymal adipose tissues of male rats is assessed ex vivo by microdialysis. Probes are perfused with Ringer solution in which increasing concentrations of TAT-GKH. The perfusion of TAT-GKH induces lipolytic effect. Penetration study showed that TAT-GKH efficiently elevates 36 times higher penetration into the excised hairless mice skin than GKH. in vivo study showed that TAT-GKH had a better effect upon the relative volume of eye bag after 28 days of application on twenty(+2) healthy female volunteers. It was identified that TAT-GKH increases penetration enhancement and lipolytic effects in both in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.267-272
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to suggest the potentialities of nanoliposome composed of ceramide as an anti-irritant against various irritants used in cosmetics. Ceramides are major structural components of the epidermal permeability barrier, which is known to play an essential part in human physiology by not only preventing the loss of water from the body but also protecting the body from external physical, chemical, and microbial insults. According to the results, better effects on reinforcement of skin barrier function and anti-irritation were obtained with nanoliposome composed of ceramide than with dispersed ceramide. And, we performed in vitro skin penetration test using horizontal Franz diffusion cells with skin membrane prepared from hairless mouse to evaluate the influence of nanoliposome composed of ceramide on the skin penetration of lactic acid in formulations. From the results, we found that the anti-irritation effects of nanoliposome containing ceramide were due to reduced penetration rate of irritants. Conclusively, we could develop a new anti-irritation system and apply this nanoliposome composed of ceramide to the final cosmetic products successfully.