• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.465-473
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antioxidant capabilities and quality characteristics of instant porridge made of foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) from different varieties with different endosperm characteristics and processing using different methods. The two foxtail millet varieties used in this study were waxy foxtail millet, 'Samdachal', and non-waxy foxtail millet, 'Samdame'. The means of processing food to create instant porridge were dry cereal frying, wet cereal frying, freeze drying after steaming, popping, and no treatment. The WAI (water absorption index) of instant porridge made of waxy foxtail millet was higher than that of non-waxy foxtail millet, and popping created the highest WAI among the treatments tested. Whean we analyzed RVA characteristics of non-waxy foxtail millet instant porridge, peak viscosity and setback values were decreased in all processed foxtail millet instant porridge compared to non-waxy foxtail millet instant porridge. In waxy foxtail instant porridge, the peak and final viscosities of processed treated instant porridge increased. The viscosity just after pouring hot water into the instant porridge was higher in waxy foxtail millet porridge treated by freeze drying after steaming, popping, and wet cereal frying; the viscosity of non-waxy foxtail porridge was increased after popping as compared with the other treatments. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities were increased in all processed, treated-instant porridge except for freeze dried porridge after steamingnt. The popping treatment showed the highest polyphenol contents (1.5 fold), and ABTS antioxidant activity (1.2 fold), compared to no treatment. Non-waxy foxtail millet porridge produced by popping earned the highest sensory evaluation scores.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) were not the major cereal crops in Korea. Although, they are attracting attention due to their nutritional excellence. This study focused on nutritional composition of Korean foxtail millet and proso millet varieties. The protein content of foxtail millet is lower than that of proso millet, and the fat content tends to be higher. Especially, Daname (foxtail millet) and Geumsilchal (proso millet) showed the highest protein content. Also, among these, Chohwangme (foxtail millet) and Manhongchal (proso millet) were the highest fat content, respectively. In the essential amino acids content results, these crops were rich in leucine, phenylalanine and valine. Also, lipids were composed of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), gadoleic acid (C20:1), and behenic acid (C22:0). Especially, linoleic acid content was the highest.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2018

Purpose: This research was conducted to determine the design factors of a seed-metering device for the development of a seeder. The device allows the seeder to sow precisely one to three seeds of foxtail millet and sorghum. To obtain fundamental information regarding the design of the seed-metering device, examination of the physical properties of foxtail millet and sorghum was conducted. Methods: Based on the results of an adaptability test using an existing seeder with foxtail millet and sorghum, an experimental roller-type seed-metering device was made. The seeding factors considered during the experiment were the width, length, and depth, as well as the shape of the groove in the seed-metering roller. By adapting an analysis of variance, the experimental results of the seeding factors were analyzed. Results: The measured results of the respective lengths and widths of the seeds were 2.11 and 1.64 mm for foxtail millet, and 3.68 and 3.32 mm for sorghum, respectively. The weight of 1,000 seeds was 2.43 g for foxtail millet and 17.5 g for sorghum. The seeds were of an elliptical shape, considering the length and width. A sieve analysis showed that the size distribution of foxtail millet was quite regular whereas that of sorghum was irregular. Conclusions: The seeding results showed that the rates of incorrect planting were low when the groove of the roller-type metering device is an elliptical type. To sow one to three seeds, the groove of roller-type metering devices $2.0mm{\times}4.0mm{\times}1.5mm$ ($width{\times}length{\times}depth$) for foxtail millet, and $4.0mm{\times}8.0mm{\times}3.0mm$ and $4.5mm{\times}8.0mm{\times}3.0mm$ ($width{\times}length{\times}depth$) for Sorghum.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2014

This research was conducted to find design factors of seed metering device for developing seeder. It can be sowed precisely 1~3 seeds of Foxtail millet & Sorghum. To obtain fundamental information for designing seed metering device, we conducted adaptability test of the existing seeder in Foxtail millet & Sorghum. Major findings were as followings. Except of Model-A which was adapted sorghum(by seeding metering cup of width 3.9mm and length 4.5mm), seeders which were used in experiment showed that high value of miss-planted rates and more than four-planted rates. So to enhance precision of seeding in Foxtail millet & Sorghum, existing seeders were considered necessary by some supplementation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 1993

In order to brew foxtail millet wine, a folk wine of Cheju, properties of raw materials, optimum brewing conditions were inveatigated. Carbohydrate and crude fat content of glutinuous foxtail millet are 71.27% and 3.47%, respectively. Since the ratio of water to steamed millet and ethanol concentration of wine showed negative correlation, less than 250% water had to added to steamed millet to maintain ethanol concentration in wine above 13%, Sugar consumption and ethanol production increased rapidly for the first 2 days, and main fermentation was done in 4 days. Ethanol concentrations were $13.0{\sim}13.4%$ when foxtail millet was used, and they were $14.0{\sim}14.3%$ for the mixture substrates of 90% millet and 10% rice or barley. Organic acids in millet wine were lactic acid, malic acid and succinic acid. The residual carbohydrates after fermentation were mainly xylose and oligosaccharides. A trace of methanol was detected in millet wine. The content of fusel oil was low, while the concnetration of organic acids was high. Optimum conditions for millet wine-making were as follows. Glutinuous foxtail millet with 10% rice as fermentation source need to be soaked in water and steamed for enough time. Water was added to steamed millet with the ratio of 2 : 1. The resulting mixture was stmnultaneously saccharified and fermented by Aspergillus orzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 4274 at $20^{\circ}C$ for a week. Millet wine was prepared after filtering fermented broth while pressing for a week.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.302-309
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• 2012

Effects of cultivation time on the antioxidant contents and activities of foxtail millet and proso millet were determined. The cultivation times were early-season (ES), normal-season (NS), and late-season (LS), and the cultivated varieties were Hwanggeum-cho (HGC), Cheongcha-cho (CCC), Samdamae (SDM), Gyeongkwan 1 (GK 1), Gyeongkwan 2 (GK 2), Ganghae-cho (GHC), Hwanggeum-gijang (HGG), Manhongchal-gijang (MHCG), Byeoruk-gijang (BRG), Norangchal-gijang (NRG), and Whin-gijang (WG). The total polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin content, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet and proso millet showed significant differences according to cultivation variety and time. The highest total polyphenol content of foxtail millet was 29.33 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of sample in GK 1 at LS, whereas that of proso millet was 23.48 mg of GAE/g of sample in BRG at LS. The highest total flavonoid content of foxtail millet was 2.12 mg of catechin equivalent (CE)/g of sample in CCC at ES, whereas that of proso millet was 4.49 mg of CE/g of sample in BRG at LS. The highest total tannin content of foxtail millet was 14.07 mg of tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g of sample in SDM at LS, whereas that of proso millet was 15.59 mg of TAE/g of sample in BRG at LS. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of foxtail millet was 7.71 mg of TE/g of sample in CCC at NS, whereas that of proso millet was 12.66 mg of TE/g of sample in BRG at LS. The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity of foxtail millet was 8.05 mg of TE/g of sample in GK 1 at LS, whereas that of proso millet was 34.46 mg of TE/g of sample in BRG at LS. Generally, HGC, GK 1, and GHC had more beneficial effects at LS than ES or NS, whereas CCC, SDM, and GK 2 had more beneficial effects at NS than ES or LS, and proso millet had more beneficial effects at LS than ES or NS.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

Purpose: The sufficiency of skin dose and the reemergence of patient set-up position to the success of skin cancer radiation treatment is a very important element. But the conventional methods to increase the skin dose were used to vacuum cushion, bolus and water tank have several weak points. For this reason, we producted Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion and evaluated the efficiency of the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion in skin cancer Radiation treatment. Materials and Methods: We measured absolute dose for 3 materials (Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion, bolus and solid water phantom) and compared each dose distribution. We irradiated 6 MV 100 MU photon radiation to every material of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm thickness at three times. We measured absolute dose and compared dose distribution. Finally we inspected the CT simulation and radiation therapy planing using the Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion. Results: Absolute dose of Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion was similar to absolute dose of bolus and solid water phantom's result in each thickness. it Showed only the difference of 0.1~0.2% between each material. Also the same result in dose distribution comparison. About 97% of the dose distribution was within the margin of error in the prescribed ranges ($100{\pm}3%$), and achieved the enough skin dose (Gross Tumor Volume dose : $100{\pm}5%$) in radiation therapy planing. Conclusion: We evaluated important fact that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is no shortage of time to replace the soft tissue equivalent material and normal vacuum cushion at the low energy radiation transmittance. Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion can simultaneously achieve the enough skin dose in radiation therapy planing with maintaining normal vacuum cushion' function. Therefore as above We think that Foxtail Millet Vacuum Cushion is very useful in skin cancer radiation treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.384-389
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• 2018

Cultivation techniques of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), such as sowing, weeding, and harvesting, are often not properly utilized, resulting in low productivity rates. The goal of this study was to develop cultivation techniques to increase millet productivity rates and reduce labor inputs. We evaluated the effects of different machine sowing methods compared with manual sowing methods from 2014 to 2016. The three machine sowing methods were dibbling, drilling, and broadcasting. Compared with manual sowing, the broadcasting method decreased labor times by 16.07 and $14.23hr10a^{-1}$ for proso and foxtail millets, respectively. Proso millet showed greater culm lengths at 138 and 125 cm with the broadcasting method for two years, whereas foxtail millet after three years had greater culm lengths from both the drilling and broadcasting methods. Both crops exhibited the thickest culm stems in the $3^{rd}$ year. The greatest number of seeds of the panicle were from the manual sowing method in both crops. Compared with manual sowing, broadcasting increased grain yields by 15-35% and 9.1-28% for proso and foxtail millets, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that the application of broadcasting in mechanical sowing will increase labor efficiency and yields of proso and foxtail millets.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2011

The cereal grain crops have strong flexibility against adverse environment and they have various functional compounds. The objective of the present study was to screen phenolic compounds in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detector. Sorghum contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds among three different crops (sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet). Especially Moktaksusu showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds concentrations and biggest regional differences. The comparison of average phenolic compounds in sorghums by regions showed order to Milyang ($963.3\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Yeongyang ($923.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($831.3\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and Bonghwa ($735.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$). Among the sorghum cultivars, Moktaksusu ($1407.9\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The average phenolic compounds of foxtail millets showed similar amount among Milyang ($319.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($288.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and Bonghwa ($281.9\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) areas. The phenolic compounds of Yeongyang ($246.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) slightly low and that showed similar concentrations among three different regions. The concentration of phenolic compounds in foxtail millets, Chungchajo ($335.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) showed the highest concentrations. The average phenolic compounds of common millets showed the highest concentrations in Milyang ($305.5\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Bonghwa ($262.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($195.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Yeongyang ($237.2\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) in decreasing order. The concentration of phenolic compounds of common millets was the highest in the Norangchalgijang ($337.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Hwanggumgijang ($250.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) was also relatively higher than others. The results of this study will provide basic information for breeding sorghums, foxtail millets and common millets with higher phenolic compound concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.547-559
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of excessive soil-water on crop growth and to predict decrease of yields caused by excessive soil-water. The following five crops were selected for investigation: foxtail millet, proso millet, sorghum, adzuki bean, and sesame. These were planted in pots and a soil-water table was set to 10cm for 10 days. Crop susceptibility (CS) factors and stress-day indexes (SDI) were calculated for each crop to estimate effects of excessive soil-water. SDI models were calculated using CS and SDI data for each crop and predicted the yields of crops cultivated in paddy fields. All crops were cultivated in paddy fields with different soil water contents to evaluate the yield-SDI models. Results showed that yields decreased most when crops were affected by excessive soil-water at the early development stage. Decrease of yields was the greatest when the excessive soil-water treatment was applied at early growth stage. In the field experiment, crops from soils with the greatest soil-water content had the smallest yield, while ones from soils with the smallest soil water contents showed the greatest yields. Observed yields from the field and predicted yields from SDI models showed the least correlation for proso millet, foxtail millet, and adzuki bean and the greatest correlation for sesame. In conclusion, proso millet, foxtail millet, and adzuki bean were more susceptible to soil water than other crops, while sorghum and sesame were more suitable to cultivation in paddy fields.