• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.38
• /
• pp.157-178
• /
• 2005

In this thesis, ammaksae, or internal roof tiles, which was reported to be in the period of Baekje, was examined on the basis of layers of archaeological excavation and styles of relics. As a result, among the relics which have already been reported, jidumun amkiwa (concave roof tiles patterned by finger tips) excavated from Pungnap Earthen Wall and yudansik amkiwa (stepped concave roof tiles) from remains such as Guari Baekje Remains, could not be seen yet. The only relics that could be identified as original-style ammaksae or ammaksae were jidumun amkiwa unearthed from the site of Gunsurisa Temple, togiguyeon amkiwa (mouth-rim earthenware concave roof tiles) and yuaksik amkiwa (concave roof tiles with sills) from Buso Fortress and Gwanbukri Baekje Remains, and gwimyeonindongdangchomun ammaksae (honeysuckle-pattern concave end roof tiles with monster design) from the sites of Jeseok Temple and Mireuk Temple. Regarding ammaksae in the period of Baekje like the above, it is considered that jidumun amkiwa (short sills appeared), which showed up in the period of China's North Dynasties, developed into togiguyeon amkiwa and yuaksik amkiwa (sills were formed), and then gwimyeonindongdangchomun ammaksae (patterns appeared) emerged.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.453-474
• /
• 2020

Here, we present an updated checklist based on voucher specimens of vascular plants for Gasan Mt. which is located in Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The list includes 322 taxa in 212 genera and 81 families of vascular plants, of which 14 are endemic, six are rare plants, 48 are floristic target species, and 14 are considered naturalized in Korea. Based on voucher specimens, Gasan Mt. was the southern limit of Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida Nakai and Iris odaesanensis Y. N. Lee on the Korean peninsula. Moreover, we confirmed a hybrid plant deriving from two Iris parents, I. minutoaurea Makino and I. odaesanensis, in a mountain fortress of Gasan Mt. We also present online databases including 325 voucher specimens deposited at the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM; http://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib). This study has great significance as the first floristic study of Korean plants sharing virtual specimens online.

• Maritime Security
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.241-271
• /
• 2020

The military technology currently receiving the most attention is the hypersonic missile. hypersonic is faster than the speed of sound or Mach 5+. The vast majority of the ballistic missiles that it inspired achieved hypersonic speeds as they fell from the sky. Rather than speed, today's renewed attention to hypersonic weapons owes to developments that enable controlled flight. These new systems have two sub-varieties: hypersonic glide vehicles and hypersonic cruise missiles. Hypersonic weapons could challenge detection and defense due to their speed, maneuverability, and low altitude of flight. The fundamental question of this study is: 'What effect will the hypersonic missile have on the maritime strategy?' It is quite prudent to analyze and predict the impact of technology in the development stage on strategy in advance. However, strategy is essential because it affect future force construction. hypersonic missiles act as a limiting factor in securing sea control. The high speed and powerful destructive power of the hypersonic missile are not only difficult to intercept, but it also causes massive ship damage at a single shot. As a result, it is analyzed that the Securing sea control will be as difficult as the capacity of sea denial will be improved geographically and qualitatively. In addition, the concept of Fortress Fleet, which was criticized for its passive strategy in the past, could be reborn in a modern era. There are maritime power projection/defence, SLOC attack/defence in exploiting sea control. The effects of hypersonic missiles on exploiting sea control could be seen as both limiting and opportunity factors.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the methods to activate and functional changes of rural centers to improve residents' quality of life and secure sustainability in rural areas. The existing policy for activating rural centers lacks for placeness because walking-focused features of a Myeon seat have been changed due to the improvement of physical environment for easy car accessibility. They also wanted to solve abandoned houses and secure parking lots in the landscape plan. Based on analysis results, design guidelines were suggested. Long-stay tourism programs for outside visitors should be developed through the rural center activation project. They should be linked with projects for preserving the history of Byeongyeong Fortress and developing Hamel Village. Mountain trails and waterfront should be created to enhance accessibility and linkage methods with other resources should be prepared. As Byeongyeong-myeon has various tourism resources, design guidelines for each element should be made for a macroscopic direction and systematic landscape management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.46-56
• /
• 2022

This study aimed to analyze the locational characteristics of heritage sites in Seoul in order to identify flood susceptibility by type. As for the location factors related to flood susceptibility, elevation, slope, distance to streams, and topographic location were analyzed. Literature review was supplemented for the historical and humanistic environments of heritage sites. The results of the study are as follows. First, heritage sites in Seoul are distributed throughout the city, and are especially highly dense in the Hanyangdoseong fortress. It was also confirmed that heritage sites were concentrated around Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Jingwan-dong, and Ui-dong in the quantitative spatial analyses. Second, types of heritage sites at the circumstance susceptible to flood damage were related to commerce and distribution, traffic, modern traffic and communication, geological monument, residence, government office, and palace. Third, heritage types with locational characteristics that showed low flood susceptibility were found to be natural scenic spots, telecommunication, ceramics, Buddhism, tombs, and tomb sculptural heritage assets. In a time when risk factors that can damage the value of heritage are gradually increasing due to anthropogenic influences along with changes in the natural environment, this study provides basic data for vulnerability analysis that reflects the unique characteristics of heritage assets. The results can contribute to more comprehensive and comprehensive insights for the management and protection of heritage by including the humanities and social science data together with natural factors in the analysis.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.55 no.4
• /
• pp.38-53
• /
• 2022

In this article, I have summarized and reviewed the concepts and terms surrounding the stamped construction technique, focusing on earthen walls in the Three Kingdoms period. This is because confusion is caused by defining the nature of the earthen walls by using various concepts and terms for each researcher regarding the substance and construction method of the earthen walls. The stamped earth method is a representative ancient civil engineering or construction technique in which a frame is made of plates to form a fortress wall, a fence, and the base of a building, and then soil or sand is poured into it layer by layer and then stamped with a bat to make it solid. Therefore, in order to prove that the earthen wall was built by the stamped earth method, evidence such as a narrow plate, a column for fixing it, long horizontal and vertical wood pieces to support the narrow plate, and traces of pounding the soil must be detected. However, in Korea, there are very few cases where such evidence has been fully excavated, so it is necessary to agree on how strictly the standards for the stamped earth method will be applied. The terms related to the stamped technique mobilized for the construction of the earthen walls were explained with actual examples by dividing the terms related to the concept into terms related to the principle and unit of the stamped plate, and the specific stamped technology. In particular, in Pungnabtoseong Earthen wall, a variety of typical and diverse methods of building the ancient stamped earthen wall were identified so that decisive data could be secured to understand the principles and techniques of the stamped earthen wall. In the future, a more general understanding of the stamped technique will be possible only when more evidence related to it is found in relics other than Pungnabtoseong Earthen wall.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.83-101
• /
• 2004

This study investigated the effects of social presence as means of self-awareness and interpersonal-awareness on the cyber-aggressive behavior. The cyber-aggressive behavior (flaming and direct aggression use of character) should be differ from existence of social presence and type of social presence of internet users. To test hypothesis, an experiment was executed a field study on cyberspace, an on-line game, "fortress 2 blue forever". I made a chat-room in the game site to conduct an experiment to 107 person who entered the chat-room and blinded ignorance of this situation made by researchers. As the subjects enter the chat-room, he chats with 3 researchers who were waiting before he gets in. The social presence was operated with 3 phases by the contents of the chat (①control group; nothing, ②experimental group 1; reaction about other people ③experimental group 2; reaction about other people + self-exposure by an exchange information of their home region). The studies show that, subjects of the control group behaved more aggressively than other subjects of the experimental groups(both flaming and direct aggression use of character). Meantime, I compared experimental group 1 with experimental group 2 to investigate difference between the type of social presence. As the result, subjects of the experimental group 1 behaved more aggressively than experimental group 2 (only flaming, there's no difference in direct aggression use of character).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.28-50
• /
• 2024

A fact-finding survey of the Demilitarized Zone can be said to be a very meaningful academic survey linked to previous index surveys of protected military areas and municipal and excavation surveys of ruins and military sites on Mount Dora. Not a few ruins were first discovered in this survey, and the locations, structures, and restoration artifacts of the previously investigated ruins were confirmed differently, raising the need for a detailed investigation. In particular, it is noteworthy that various relics from the Paleolithic Age to the Joseon Dynasty were recovered from relics dispersion sites such as Josan-ri and Cheorwon Gangseo-ri in Paju, and Hoengsan-ri Temple Site is also a Buddhist relic in the Demilitarized Zone. However, in the case of some graveyards and relics sites in the Paju region, it was an opportunity to understand the reality that they are not safe from cultivation and development, and the ruins of Cheorwon Capital Castle, Seongsanseong Fortress, Jorangjin Bastion, and Gangseo-ri Bastion were damaged during the construction of military facilities, and an urgent investigation is needed. Also, farmland and hilly areas around the ruins of Jangdan, Gunnae-myeon, and Gangsan-ri have not been properly investigated for buried cultural assets due to small-scale development. Therefore, it is an important time for the relevant authorities and agencies to cooperate more closely to establish special management and medium- to long-term investigation measures for the cultural heritage in the Demilitarized Zone based on the results of this fact-finding investigation.

• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.18-35
• /
• 2024

The Tomb of Jang Mui was discovered and investigated during the Japanese colonial era. It has provided key archaeological material for identifying the Daebang Commandery mentioned in historical records as Sariwon in Hwanghae-do Province when some bricks used in the construction of the tomb were found to be stamped with the official title "Prefect of Daebang Commandery." The discovery of the Tomb of Jang Mui served to confirm that the brick chamber tombs found along the Daedonggang River in 1909 were related to the Nangnang Commandery. It can be viewed as a major archaeological breakthrough that settled a debate over the locations of the Daesu River and Daebang Commandery that had been ongoing since the early Joseon Dynasty. Despite its significance for archeology and ancient Korean history, the circumstances of the discovery and investigations of the Tomb of Jang Mui have not been thoroughly examined. Inscribed bricks and roof tiles unearthed during the excavation conducted by Sekino Tadashi in 1912 are currently housed at The University Museum of The University of Tokyo. A number of other bricks excavated from the Tomb of Jang Mui are in the collection of the National Museum of Korea. Main agents of the investigations into these materials have not all been identified. Only some records on the materials collected during the investigations by Nomori Gen and others specify the main investigators. Inscribed bricks from other related tombs are also found in the Tokyo National Museum and at several universities in Japan. It is hoped that a comprehensive report incorporating all these materials can be written. Based on a reinterpretation of its structure conducted by Jung In-seung in 2010, the Tomb of Jang Mui has been dated to 348. This means it was not built during the Daebang Commandery period. The most compelling archaeological evidence regarding the location of the Daebang Commandery and its local capital has been undermined. It is hoped that active discussions will be held on the issue of the Daebang Commandery and its local capital.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.60-70
• /
• 2017

This study traces the development of physic gardens in Korea and explores their significance in the history of landscape architecture. For this purpose, records related to physic gardens from medical sources from the period of the Three States to the Joseon dynasty, when herbal medicine was systematized as a field, were searched. Physic gardens had been developed by the time of the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, in the 13th and the 15th centuries. Yakpo(kitchen gardens for medicinal herbs) were cultivated by a group of new high-level officials in the late Goryeo dynasty, when an increasing interest in hyangyak(native herbs) emerged under the influence of the Neo-Confucian perspective on nature, which emphasized locality. The sources analyzed in this study confirm that physic gardens called jong-yakjeon(royal medicinal herb gardens) were in operation in the early Joseon dynasty when policies to investigate, discover, cultivate, and research native herbs were put into place. It is likely that the jong-yakjeon were established at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty as subsidiary facilities under its central medical institutions, the Naeuiwon and Hyeminseo, and then declined in the late Joseon dynasty. Jong-yakjeon can be confirmed to have existed in the mid-15th century. Physic gardens were located in several places outside the Fortress Wall of Hanyang, such as Yakhyeon, Yuldo, Yeoudo, and Saari. The total area encompassed by physic gardens was about 160,000 square meters in the early 18th century. In jong-yakjeon, dozens of medicinal herbs were cultivated, including Schizonepeta tenuifolia var. japonica, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, and these gardens were operated by physicians dispatched from the Naeuiwon and dozens of provincial slaves. In conclusion, the jong-yakjeon were similar to the physic gardens of Renaissance medical universities in that they reflected the interest in and development of theories about new herbs, and were similar to the physic gardens of medieval castles and monasteries in terms of species types, location, and function. This paper has limitations in that it does not present the specific spatial forms of the yakpo or the jong-yakjeon. Nevertheless, this paper is significant for the field of garden history because it shows that physic gardens in Korea appeared in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties concomitantly with the development of medicine towards native herbs and functioned as utilitarian gardens to cultivate community remedies.