• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2016

Obesity is a growing health problem that many countries face, mostly due to the consumption of a Westernized diet. In this present study we observed the effects of a soybean extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis MORI (BTD-1) containing 1-deoxynojirimycin against high fat diet-induced obesity. The results obtained from this study indicated that BTD-1 reduced body weight, regulated hepatic lipid content and adipose tissue, and also affected liver antioxidant enzymes and glucose metabolism. These results suggest that administration of BTD-1 affects obesity by inhibiting hyperglycemia and free radical-mediated stress; it also reduces lipid accumulation. Therefore, BTD-1 may be potentially useful for the prevention of obesity and its related secondary complications.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2014

본 연구에서 어린 으름잎으로부터 추출된 열수추출물인 AQH와 80% 주정추출물인 AQE를 대상으로 3T3-L1 전지방세포의 지방세포 분화과정 중에 처리한 후, Oil Red O 염색법에 의한 lipid accumulation, intracellular 중성지방 함량을 평가하고 free glycerol release 함량을 측정하여 지방세포형성 억제능을 확인하며, ICR 마우스를 대상으로 고지방식이 섭취 하에 어린 으름잎 추출물의 경구투여에 따른 체중과 백색지방에 작용하는 효과를 평가하여 어린 으름잎 추출물의 항비만 효과를 밝히고자 하였다. 3T3-L1 지방세포 분화과정 중 AQH 및 AQE 추출물을 처리한 결과 AQE 처리군에서만 유의적 감소를 나타내었다. Intracellular 중성지방 함량의 경우도 AQE 처리군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. 지방세포 분화 중 배양액으로 유출되는 free glycerol 함량을 평가한 결과에서도 AQE 처리군의 유의적 감소를 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 AQE는 3T3-L1 지방세포 분화과정 중에 지방구 생성 억제 및 지방세포의 지방세포 생성 억제효과가 있는 것으로 판명되었다. 마우스에서 8주간 고지방식이 하에 600 mg/kg/day의 AQE를 경구투여 하였을 때 고지방식이군과 비교하여 체중 및 체중증가량이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였고, 부정소 주위 및 신장 주위 백색지방의 감소가 나타났다. AQE 투여에 의한 체중 감소 및 부정소 주위 백색지방량의 감소는 양성대조군으로 사용한 Orlistat의 경구투여 결과와 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로 세포수준에서의 지방세포 분화 억제, 지방구 생성 억제 작용과 실험동물에서 체중증가량 및 체지방의 감소 작용을 갖는 AQE는 향후 항비만 효과를 갖는 소재로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between oriental obesity pattern, life habitual factors(eating attitude, physical activity) and psychological factors(depression, stress, self-esteem) in korean obese and overweight women. Methods: This study was performed in obese and overweight(BMI ${\geq}$ 23 kg/$m^2$) women in Korea (n=56). Simple anthropometry including weight, BMI, waist circumference, BIA(bioelectrical impedance analysis) were done. To assess psychological factors, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES) questionnaire, Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire and stress response inventory (SRI) questionnaire were administered. Regarding diet, Korean eating attitude test(KEAT-26) was done. International physical activity questionnaire(IPAQ) was administered for exercise and physical activity intensity and quantities. All values were verified using correlation analysis. Results: 1. The subjects had stagnation of the liver qi>food accumulation>yang deficiency>blood stasis>spleen vacuity in the order. 2. Stagnation of the liver qi score had significant relationships with self-esteem(r=-0.520, p<0.05) and depression(r=0.688, p<0.01) in stagnation of the liver qi group. There was a relationship between food accumulation score and eating attitude(r=0.784, p<0.01) in food accumulation group. 3. Lean mass had a significant relationship with self-esteem(r=0.434, p<0.05) fat mass had a significant relationship with stress (r=0.633, p<0.01) and in stagnation of the liver qi group. 4. Physical activity had significant relationships with lean mass(r=0.628, p<0.01) and with fat mass(r=-0.478, p<0.05) in group. Conclusions: This study maintained that psychological factors play major roles in obesity with symptoms of stagnation of the liver qi and life habit(dietary factors and physical activity) in food accumulation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 쓴메밀 새싹 추출물(TBS)을 대상으로 histone acetyltransferase(HAT) 활성 저해능을 평가하고 oleic acid와 palmitic acid(OPA)를 이용하여 HepG2 세포에서 비알코올성 지방간을 유도하여 그 효과를 검토하였다. HeLa 세포의 nuclear extract(NE)를 HAT의 source로 하여 in vitro에서 TBS에 의한 HAT 활성 저해능을 평가한 결과 추출물의 처리에 의하여 HAT 활성이 억제됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 대표적인 HAT 단백질인 p300과 CBP를 이용하여 동일한 방식으로 HAT 억제능을 평가한 결과 TBS 처리에 의하여 두 단백질 모두 활성이 감소하였으며, 특히 TBS는 p300의 활성을 특이적으로 저해함을 확인할 수 있었다. 그뿐만 아니라 HepG2 세포에 $400{\mu}M$의 oleic acid 및 $100{\mu}M$의 palmitic acid와 함께 $200{\mu}g/mL$, $500{\mu}g/mL$의 TBS를 처리한 후 NE를 이용하여 세포 내 HAT 활성을 측정한 결과 역시 추출물 처리에 의하여 세포 내 HAT 활성이 저해되어 있음이 관찰되었다. TBS에 의한 HAT 활성의 억제는 세포 내 다양한 단백질들의 아세틸화 저해와 지질축적에 의하여 아세틸화 변형을 일으키는 것으로 알려진 histone H3K9, H4K8의 아세틸화 및 H3K36의 아세틸화를 감소시켰으며, 세포 내 지질합성과 관련된 대표적 유전자인 SREBP1c, ACLY, FAS의 전사 활성 역시 저해함을 관찰하였다. 이와 같은 변화를 통하여 OPA에 의하여 HepG2 세포 내에 축적되었던 지질은 TBS의 처리에 의하여 효과적으로 감소하였으며 이때 처리된 OPA와 소재에 의한 세포 내 독성은 관찰되지 않았다. 그러므로 이러한 결과는 TBS에 의한 HAT 활성의 저해가 히스톤 단백질의 아세틸활 변형을 억제하고 이를 통하여 지방 합성 관련 유전자들의 전사 활성을 감소시켜 결과적으로 세포 내 지질축적을 방지하는 것으로 생각되며, TBS은 비알코올성 지방간질환의 예방에 좋은 천연물 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 여겨진다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2018

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a novel fibrotic mediator, which is considered to mediate fibrosis through extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in diabetic cardiovascular complications. Statins have significant immunomodulatory effects and reduce vascular injury. We therefore examined whether fluvastatin has anti-fibrotic effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and elucidated its putative transduction signals. We show that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulated CTGF mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner. AGE-induced CTGF expression was mediated via ERK1/2, JNK, and Egr-1 pathways, but not p38; consequently, cell proliferation and migration and ECM accumulation were regulated by CTGF signaling pathway. AGE-stimulated VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation were blocked by fluvastatin. However, the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin was restored by administration of CTGF recombinant protein. AGE-induced VSMC proliferation was dependent on cell cycle arrest, thereby increasing G1/G0 phase. Fluvastatin repressed cell cycle regulatory genes cyclin D1 and Cdk4 and augmented cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21 in AGE-induced VSMCs. Taken together, fluvastatin suppressed AGE-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation by targeting CTGF signaling mechanism. These findings might be evidence for CTGF as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic vasculature complication.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2017

Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol absorption so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2014

In this study, resistance responses were investigated during the interaction of Botrytis fabae with two faba bean cultivars expressing different levels of resistance against this pathogen, Nubaria (resistant) and Giza 40 (susceptible). Disease severity was assessed on leaves using a rating scale from 1 to 9. Accumulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) were measured in leaf tissues at different times of infection. The expression profiles of two pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) encoded by the genes PR-1 and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase were also investigated using reverse transcription RT-PCR analysis. The accumulation of these defense responses was induced significantly in both cultivars upon infection with B. fabae compared with un-inoculated controls. The resistant cultivar showed weaker necrotic symptom expression, less ROS accumulation, a lower rate of lipid peroxidation and higher activity of the enzymatic ROS scavenging system compared with susceptible cultivar. Interestingly, ROS accumulated rapidly in the resistant leaf tissues and peaked during the early stages of infection, whereas accumulation was stronger and more intense in the susceptible tissues in later stages. Moreover, the response of the resistant cultivar to infection was earlier and stronger, exhibiting high transcript accumulation of the PR genes. These results indicated that the induction of oxidant/antioxidant responses and the accumulation of PRPs are part of the faba bean defense mechanism against the necrotrophic fungus B. fabae with a different intensity and timing of induction, depending on the resistance levels.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.707-716
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• 2020

Red sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, was dried using three methods-far-infrared ray, vacuum, and freeze drying and then enzymatically hydrolyzed using nine proteases: Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Protamex, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and papain. In addition, the potential ability of hydrolysates to inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was evaluated. The yield of hydrolysates from red sea cucumbers dried using each method was higher than that of the distilled water extract, and protein contents were either similar or higher. The hydrolysates that exhibited inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation, as demonstrated via Oil red O staining, were those obtained by far-infrared ray drying coupled with Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, or Neutrase treatment. In addition to the advantages of far-infrared drying and the characteristics of Flavourzyme, the Flavourzyme hydrolysate of far-infrared-dried red sea cucumber showed the highest inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation. In addition, this hydrolysate significantly decreased the expression of the protein factor fatty acid-binding protein 4, which is related to the late differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that Flavourzyme hydrolysates from farinfrared-dried red sea cucumber may be used as a functional food and/or a pharmaceutical ingredient for the inhibition of lipid accumulation.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2023

Objectives: Atriplex gmelinii C. A. Meyer is a halophyte belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family, and its young leaves and stems are used as fodder for livestock. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of A. gmelinii extract and its solvent fractions on lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: The samples of A. gmelinii were separately extracted using methylene chloride and methanol. Subsequently, they were combined to formulate the initial extract, which was then partitioned based on polarity to prepare solvent fractions. Oil Red O staining was employed to measure lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. To verify cytotoxicity in 3T3-L1 cells, MTT assays were conducted. The expression levels of transcription factors in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were measured through Western blotting analysis. Results: At 50 ㎍/mL, treatment of A. gmelinii extract and its solvent fractions during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes significantly diminished lipid accumulation with no noteworthy cytotoxicity on cell viability. Additionally, when investigating the biochemical pathways that underlie the prevention of lipid accumulation using solvent fractions, it was found that the n-BuOH and n-hexane fractions significantly decreased the expression of key transcription factors involved in the generation of fat, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c). Conclusions: These findings indicate that A. gmelinii can effectively reduce the accumulation of fat in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, making it a potentially valuable material for mitigating and preventing obesity.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2015

This experiment investigated whether yogurt containing fermented pepper juice (FPJY) affects cholesterol level in high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFCD) fed rat. Twenty five Sprague-Dawley male rats of 7 wk were divided into 5 groups, and fed following diets for 9 wk; CON (control diet), HFCD (HFCD), PY (HFCD supplemented with 2% of plain yogurt), LFY (HFCD supplemented with 2% of FPJY), and HFY (HFCD supplemented with 5% of FPJY). In the LFY group, hepatic total lipid level decreased significantly compared to the HFCD group (p<0.05). Serum HDL cholesterol level tended to increase and hepatic total cholesterol level decreased and were comparable to the CON group (p>0.05). In HFY group, body weight and hepatic total lipid level significantly decreased over the HFCD group (p<0.05). Serum and hepatic total cholesterol level, kidney, and body fat weights decreased, and were compared to the CON group (p>0.05). Liver weight decreased as FPJY content was increased. Results suggested FPJY would inhibit organ hypertrophy and accumulation of body fat, hepatic lipid, and cholesterol in HFCD fed rat.