• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.47 no.spc
• /
• pp.74-82
• /
• 2014

A perennial plant species of Ranunculaceae, Pulsatilla tongkangensis is a very rare species only found in limestone vegetation of South Korea. It is not only rare but also has great value as a horticultural resource, thus resulting in serious problems of overexploitation and habitat disturbance. For the conservation of the rare species and its development as a resource, the study was conducted with the following three aims: first, to investigate any new geographical distribution of the species; second, to identify the site condition and vegetation structure of its habitat; and third, to compare the ecology of P. tongkangensis in other microhabitats such as rock, slope and ridge area. A new distribution was found in limestone vegetation at Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. It was, therefore, confirmed that the distribution of P. tongkangensis exactly coincides with the area of distribution of limestone, indicating a possibility that the species might be a calcicole. 87% of the microhabitats found in rocks. Compared to P. tongkangensis, at ridges or slopes, number of P. tongkangensis plants were few in rocks. It is possibly due to the lack of microhabitats that could settle in rocky areas. Once established on rocks, however, plants grew large enough to flower with higher number of leaves and flowers per plant, resulting in higher flowering rate on rocky areas. Cracks in/between rocks are likely to be safe places for the plants with favorable light conditions, abundant fine particles to root down and reduced competition for resources. Yet, further research is necessary in terms of determining whether the species is indeed a calcicole, whether other limiting factors work in its establishment stage, and genetic diversity exists in the population.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.39-43
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the optimum planting distance under rain-shielding condition for improving quality and productivity of squash by staking cultivation. The squashes were grown by 3 planting distances, such as 120${\times}$30, 120${\times}$40 and 120${\times}$50 cm during 3 months under non heat condition. The vine length, fresh weight and leaf area were reduced as planting distance was decreased until main branch was pinching. The first female flowering day and first fruit setting nodes were not different among treatments. The first fruit length and second fruit weight were increased in 120${\times}$50 cm planting distance, but the soluble solid contents were not different among treatments. In 120${\times}$30 cm plant distance, total yield was highest (6,510 kg/10a), but marketable yie이 was lowest. When the planting distance was between 120${\times}$40 cm and 120${\times}$50 cm, the marketable rate was similar (over 98%), but marketable yield was highest in 120${\times}$40 cm planting distance (5,012 kg/10a). The results of this study indicated that the optimum planting distance of staking cultivation in squash seemed to be 120${\times}$40cm.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.180-189
• /
• 2017

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed worldwide through the recombinant DNA technology and commercialized by global agricultural companies. Until now, GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea. Commercialization of GM crops requires a compulsory assessment of environmental risk associated with the release of GM crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of pollen mediated gene flow from Bt transgenic rice (Agb0101) to japonica non-GM rice (Nakdongbyeo), indica non-GM rice (IR36), and weedy rice (R55). A total of 729,917, 596,318 and 230,635 seeds were collected from Nakdongbyeo, IR36, and R55, respectively, which were planted around Agb0101. Selection of the hybrids was determined by repeated spraying of herbicide and Cry1Ac1 immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primer. The hybrids were found in all non-GM rice and out-crossing ranged from 0.0005% at IR36 to 0.0027% at Nakdongbyeo. All of hybrids were located within 1.2 m distance from the Agb0101 rice plot. The meteorological elements including rainfall and temperature during rice flowering time were found to be important factors to determine rice out-crossing rate. Consideration should be taken for many factors like the meteorological elements of field and physiological condition of crop to set up the safety management guideline to prevention of GM crops gene flow.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.160-165
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mixed cropping of legume and grass was effective system in view point of providing organic matter and nitrogen or reducing the nitrogen starvation of following crop. The relation of the change of N and P constituents depending on the cropping types and those effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of the following crop were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three cropping types, hairy vetch mono cropping, barley mono cropping, and mixed cropping of hairy vetch and barley were applied. Soil properties, growth characteristics, and nitrogen production of green manure crops were observed. In additions, the effect of cropping types on the growth pattern of corn as the following crop was observed. In the mixed cropping system, creeping type hairy vetch climbed to the erect type barely for light utilization resulting in improvement of light interception rate and higher LAI (Leaf Area Index) than in mono cropping. Mixed cropping showed higher biomass production and soil nitrogen availability among the cropping types, indicating relatively much more nutrient supply and higher yield production of following crop. CONCLUSION: Mixed cropping showed relatively higher LAI (dry matter) mainly because of intense competition for light utilization usually after flowering stage. Mixed cropping also showed relatively higher yield of corn, the following crop rather than other types, mainly due to the more biomass production potential and higher N and P production ability. Therefore, mixed cropping was adaptable method to reduce or replace chemical fertilizer application for environmentally-friendly agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 2022

The spread of invasive alien plants is one of the most important causes of habitat and biodiversity loss. This research was conducted to secure basic data for the control of the invasive alien plant Solidago altissima. The following research objects were examined: the control; one-time mowing in June (1M6); two-time mowing in June and July (2M6M7); one-time mowing in Jun plus one-time Uprooting in July (2M6U7). The length growth in October, when the growth of S. altissima was completed, was in the order of control (199±19.96 cm), 1M6 (152±13.41 cm), 2M6U7 (54±3.17 cm), and 2M6M7 (45±19.96 cm). The 2M6M7 and 2M6U7 treatment was the most effective at inhibiting S. altissima of density, of 50.8% and 26.2% compared to the control, respectively. In contrast, one-time mowing (1M6) resulted in an increase in density compared to the control by 119.7%. In addition, this treatment also reduced flowering rate (%) of S. altissima. The most effective treatment among those tested was 2M6U7.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.105-109
• /
• 2019

'Hwangdaok', a new maize F1 hybrid (Zea mays L.), was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2016. The high-yielding yellow dent hybrid named 'Hwangdaok' was obtained by crossing between two inbred lines, 'KS203' and 'KS190'. After advanced yield trial in Suwon in 2012, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out to evaluate the growth and yield of 'Hwangdaok' at three different locations from 2014 to 2016. The number of days to silking of 'Hwangdaok' is 76. The plant height is 262 cm and ear height ratio is 51%, which are similar to those of 'Jangdaok'. It has resistance to lodging. The number of ears per 100 plants is 95. The ear length is 21.3 cm and weight of 100 seeds is 34.7 g, similar to those of 'Jangdaok'. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (10 ton/ha) of 'Hwangdaok' is 6% higher than that of 'Jangdaok'. The seed production rate of 'Hwangdaok' is acceptable due to good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS203, and the pollen parent, KS190, in Yeongwol. F1 seed yield was 1.68 ton/ha. 'Hwangdaok' can be a suitable cultivar to plain areas in Korea. (Variety registration No. 7502).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2000

This survey investigated on the degree of acknowledgment, intake frequency and using methods of wild grasses of the residents in Kyeonggi, Kangwon, Chunnam, Chungbook, Kyeongnam & Cheju area. The results were as follows: 1. An answer that impression of wild grasses is 'nature food' was the highest(42.6%). It was founded that interest of nature food has been increasing. 2. It has been shown that the most common method for elimination of astringent taste is to blanch and then wash several times with water.(62.9%) 3. The most common obtaining routes was traditional market. It has been shown that rate of gathering in the fields is higher in rural community and the group of over 60 years old than that of urban community and the other groups. 4. In rural area, people(28.7%) ate wild grasses more frequently than in urban area. Family with the old and the group of over 40 years old eat wild grass often. 5. More than 95% of answerers were familiar with the names of wild grasses, codonopsis lanceolata, chinese bellflower, braken, mugwort, wild rocambole and edible shoots of a fatsia & Korean lettuce are known to them with over 88.6%, 85.1% respectively. Frequently eaten wild grasses were braken, chinese bellflower, wild tocambole, codonopsis lanceolata, mugwort and korean lettuce orderly. But in Chunnam & Kyeongnam, they were braken, chinese bellflower, mugwort, wild rocambole and Korean lettuce orderly. 6. Wild grasses eaten with rice were total 25 species, and mugwort had the highest usage rate with 41.9%. Mugwort was used for $D'{\breve{o}}k$(rice cake)(77.8%), T'wigim $J{\breve{o}}n$(deep fat fried dish swallow fat fried dish)(50.1%) and liquor(4.6%). In the cooking of Guk(soup), Chigae(stew), Sengch'ae(raw vegetable) and kinds of wild grasses for Namul(cooked seasonal vegetable) & Bokkum(saute) are the most various with 58 species, especially braken was most commonly used for saute. Sedum & Korean lettuce were the common ingredients of Kimch and codonopsis lanceolata was used in liquer & Jangachis(pickle) with 40%, 46% each. Chinese bellflower was used with the most variable cooking method. 7. 43 species of wild grasses were stored by blanching and drying, and braken had the highest rate(32.3%) then aster scaber, flowering fern, Pimpinella brachycarpa, mugwort and ligularia orderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2004

Focusing on native plants that have high possibility of being introduced as rooftop material, this study was conducted to investigate extensive and easy-to-manage rooftop garden and to raise the utilization of native plants by verifying their growing response to artificial substrate soil depth and irrigation period. The study was conducted from March to September in 2002. Plants tested included Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Sedium middendorffianum, Thymus quinquecostatus, Allium senescens, and Dianthus superbus. Regarding soil depth, it was 5 cm and 10 cm. Irrigation period was non-irrigation, 1-week, 2-weeks, and 3- weeks, Its result is as follows; 1. In case of Sedum middendorffianum Maxim, mortality rate was 0% regardless of soil depth and irrigation period making it very suitable material for rooftop garden. 2. In case of Allium senescens L., mortality rate was 0% regardless of soil depth and irrigation period making it very suitable material for rooftop garden. Therefore, Provided that fertilizing is managed well, it is a plant that can be highly utilized.3. In case of Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herb. Subsp. (Nakai) Y. Lee Stat., the growth of top was lower in 10cm than in 5cm and it grew well in 10cm. When utilizing for rooftop garden, it would be desirable to keep minimum viable soil depth at over 10cm. If there is enough rainfall, soil and soil depth seem to have greater effect on growth than irrigation period does. 4. In case of Diauthus superbus L. var. longicalycinus (Maxim) Williams, rooting rate and growth were better in 10cm than in 5cm. Therefore, it is desirable to keep minimum soil depth at over 10cm. 5. In case of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak, the growth of top and flowering were better in 10cm than in 5cm. Therefore, it seems desirable to have minimum viable soil depth to be over 10cm. In conclusion, the most suitable species for rooftop garden are Sedium middendorffianum and Allium senescens in this experiment. However, Chrysanthemum zwadskii, Thymus quinquecostatus, and Dianthus chinensis also can be utilized greatly when irrigation is managed regularly in artificial mixed soil over 10cm.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.409-420
• /
• 2008

The highland area remained bare for the winter and spring seasons and this condition has resulted in soil erosion. In this areas, crop rotation by legume has not been commonly practiced. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the growth characteristics and nitrogen yield as a green manure crop according to sowing seasons of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. In this experiment, we was investigated the growth characteristics, winter tolerance, soil coverage and productivities of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. We cultivated two hairy vetch(Madison, H1) and two woolly pod vetch(Naomi, Haymaker) varieties in the highland area from 2006 to 2007. The result are summarized as follows; The plant height of hairy vetch increased with the progress of growth stage until flowering stage. The wintering rate of hairy vetch was $79{\sim}83%$ in highland area. But, the wintering rate of woolly pod vetch was $29.5{\sim}39.2%$. The 100% soil coverage of hairy vetch was reached between end of May and beginning of June under autumn sowing, and between end of June and beginning of July under spring sowing. The weeds density of hairy vetch field under autumn sowing was lower than that under spring sowing. Dry matter yield of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. The dry matter yield of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch were $5,255{\sim}5,405kg/ha$ and $3,520{\sim}3,640kg/ha$, respectively. But, hairy vetch in spring sowing was not significantly higher fresh matter yield than that of woolly pod vetch. The nitrogen content in hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch was $2.98{\sim}3.08$ and $2.74{\sim}3.21%$, respectively. There were no significant difference in nitrogen content of the hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch under the spring sowing. N-uptake of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch in autumn sowing. The N uptake was $156{\sim}164\;kg/ha$ in hairy vetch and $96{\sim}101\;kg/ha$ in woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. It was thought that hairy vetch was better than woolly pod vetch as a green manure crop in autumn sowing considering wintering rate and yield of dry matter in highland area. And woolly pod vetch could use as a green manure crop under spring sowing in highland area.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.768-776
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to predict number and fresh weight of leaves, and total leaf area of a single-stemmed rose 'Vital' based on the accumulated thermal units, and to develop a model of shoot development for the prediction of the time when the flowering shoot reaches a phenological stage in a plant factory system. The base temperature ($T_b$), optimum temperature ($T_{opt}$), and maximum temperature ($T_{max}$) were estimated by regressing the rate of shoot development against the temperature gradient. The rate of shoot development ($R$, $d^{-1}$) for the phase from cutting to bud break (CT-BB) was best described by a linear model $R_b$ ($d^{-1}$) = -0.0089 + $0.0016{\cdot}temp$. The rate of shoot development for the phase from bud break to harvest (BB-HV) was fitted to the parabolic model $R_h$ ($d^{-1}$) = $-0.0001{\cdot}temp^2$ + $0.0054{\cdot}temp$ - 0.0484. The $T_b$, $T_{opt}$, and $T_{max}$ values were 5.56, 27.0, and $42.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The $T_b$ value was used in the thermal unit computations for the shoot development. Number of leaves, leaf area (LA), and leaf fresh weight showed sigmoidal curves regardless of the cut time. The shoot development and leaf area model was described as a sigmoidal function using thermal units. Leaf area was described as LA = 578.7 $[1+(thermal units/956.1)^{-8.54}]^{-1}$. Estimated and observed shoot length and leaf fresh weight showed a reasonably good fit with 1.060 ($R^2=0.976^{***}$) and 1.043 ($R^2=0.955^{***}$), respectively. The average thermal units required from cutting to transplant and from transplant to harvest stages were $426{\pm}42^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$ and $783{\pm}24^{\circ}C{\cdot}d$, respectively.