• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2021

Background and objective: This study was conducted on Forsythia velutina, a special plant, in Gyeongsangnam-do Arboretum under the Gyeongsangnam-do Forest Environment Research Institute, which is located in the southern part of Korea. Methods: The research aimed to analyze the flowering characteristics of the plant by calculating the optimal temperature and humidity according to the flowering time and flowering period for 8 years from 2010 to 2017 in order to provide basic data for bioclimate studies of endemic plants. Results: It was observed that the Forsythia velutina showed a life cycle from mid-March and to mid-November. Average growth period was 243 (± 6.5) days. In testing the reliability of a single variable according to the meteorological factors, the Cronbach's Alpha was 0.701, which indicates that the findings were relatively reliable. The average date of flowering was March 16 (SD = 5.8) and the average date on which blossoms fall was March 29 (SD = 5.2). A substantial difference in flowering period was observed from year to year 11 to 23 days, with an average of 16 days (± 4.7). The temperature and humidity in February to March, which affect the flowering, were 2.9-5.5℃, and 66.5-73.0%, respectively, and showed differences every year. Conclusion: The correlation between flowering time and meteorological factors was positive, and the highest daily temperature and average daily temperature had the highest significance. When establishing basic data on plant species for the conservation of endemic plants, the changes in life cycle events and weather conditions are identified. It is believed that it will be helpful in establishing a conservation strategy for the plant species in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.138-147
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• 2023

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), which is a traditional Korean crop, has been known as a health food due to its rich nutrition. This study was conducted to evaluate the change in flavonoid content of flowers and seeds during post-flowering growth of Korean tartary buckwheat variety 'Hwanggeummiso', with the aim of providing basic data for the development of functional food and feed additive. Tartary buckwheat took 69 and 99 days from the sowing date to reach the flowering and maturity stages, respectively. As a result of examining the flavonoid components of each part of tartary buckwheat, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and isoquercitrin of flowers increased from the flowering period on 22 May (0 days after flowering) to 42 days after flowering, while quercetin increased until 21 days after flowering and then decreased thereafter. In seeds, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and isoquercitrin were most abundant at the time of seed-bearing on 14 days after flowering, and showed a decreasing tendency thereafter. On the other hand, quercetin showed a tendency to increase until 21 days after flowering and then decrease. Overall, the flavonoid content was higher in flowers than in seeds, with rutin being particularly prominent. Based on this, the possibility as food materials and feed additives was confirmed using buckwheat produced in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.134-145
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• 2023

Background: The flowering and fruiting periods play an important role in biological processes. The deciduous dipterocarp forest is an important forest type in Thailand, however the phenological studies are still limited, particularly in different plant life forms. Thus, the present study focused on the flowering and fruiting phenology of herbs, climbers, shrubs, and trees in the deciduous dipterocarp forest at Lampang province of Northern Thailand. Field visits were made to record plant life forms and observe reproductive phenological events at monthly intervals from November 2018 to October 2019 and September to December 2020. Results: The phenological observations were based on 126 species of 45 families and 102 genera. Flowering and fruiting periods showed similar patterns in herbaceous plants, climbers, and shrubs. Most of these species produced flowers and fruits from the end of the rainy season (October) to the winter season (November-January). Whereas most of flowering and fruiting trees were found from the summer season (March-April) to the beginning of the rainy season (May-June). Most of the dry-fruited species occurred during the dry period (winter and summer seasons), while the majority of fleshy-fruited species dominated in the wet period (rainy season). The statistical analysis supported the phenological patterns of flowering and fruiting in the present study. There were significant negative correlations between the number of flowering and fruiting species and temperature. The number of flowering and fruiting species is significantly impacted by the interaction between seasons and plant life forms. Conclusions: Plant life form seems to be the important factor that affects the different phenological patterns in the studied plants. The abiotic and biotic factors play major roles in reproductive phenology. However, long-term study and in-depth phenological observations are necessary for better understanding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.93-96
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• 2000

The present study was performed to obtain the basic information about growth and quality related characteristics and optimum harvesting time for podedible pea which is a new crop in Korea but believed to have a great deal of potentials for both domestic and overseas markets. They can be consumed either as a fresh succulent vegetable or as tender green pods. The daily green pod yield of pod-edible peas started to increase from ten days after flowering and the maximum yield was recorded on 26 days after flowering. Ninety percent of pod yields could be harvested from 16 to 36 days after flowering. Mean green pod yield for the tested varieties was approximately 8.0 t/ha. Total vitamin C content of pod-edible peas showed continuously decreasing trends from five days after flowering. The highest sucrose content was obtained at ten days after flowering. The highest panel score based on sweetness, chewiness, and hardness for the processed green pods was shown at 10-15 days after flowering in all varieties tested, indicating that the optimum harvesting time for pod-edible peas was considered to be 10-15 days after flowering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.269-272
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• 1981

To know the characteristics of flowering in rape, flower numbers, flowering speed, flowering period, pod numbers, pod formation period, and oil content were examined by individual plant and by each of branches per plant. The results are; 1) plant had in average 1, 400 to 1, 500 flowers, 2) completion of flowering per plant took 30 days, 3) pod numbers per plant was ranged from 560 to 630, 4) plant had 18 to 20 primary branches, 5) five days were needed for pod formation, 6) no difference in flowering speed by the position of branches, 7) flowering period was shortened by 0.5 days per branch by going to upper part, 8) oil content of seeds was significantly higher on the upper and lower part than on the middle part branches.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2017

Flowering time of either early or late is one of the crucial parameters that determine the crop productivity. Therefore, elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of flowering time should contribute to breeding for yield enhancement. However, comprehensive explanation on molecular mechanism of flowering has not yet been reported in hexaploidy common wheat (Triticum asetivum L.). The mechanism of flowering in wheat has been studied mostly using flag leaf or floral meristem. The exposed peduncle, which is a shoot part between bottom of the spike and flag leaf, could be an important tissue that is responsible for flowering through various molecules expressing. To clarify for transcriptomic dynamics in the wheat peduncle that was uncovered by leaf sheath of flag leaf, RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis were conducted. With this, we also analyzed other transcriptomic results deposited in the public DB to identify genes specially expressed in peduncle tissue at transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. The obtained results will provide valuable information to understand the role of peduncle for flowing regulation in wheat aimming for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of wheat flowering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2003

This research was conducted to compare the dry matter production and the yield productivity among nine soybean cultivars by measuring the photosynthetic ability of the middle and lower leaves at the flowering and the seed development stages. The leaf greenness(SPAD value) were ranged as 32-42 at the flowering stage. Also, They were ranged as 25-40 and 38-51 at the fifth leaf and the seventh leaf, respectively. The photosynthetic ability at the flowering and the seed development stage showed significant differences among soybean cultivars, and the photosynthetic ability at the seed development stage showed higher difference among cultivars than the flowering stage. The variation of the photosynthetic ability at the flowering and the seed development stage also was significant among cultivars. The light saturation point at the flowering stage was about 1500 $\mu$mol $m^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$ PAR, and the seed development stage was about 1000 $\mu$mol $m^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$ PAR. The photosynthesis showed the high negative correlation with the leaf area and the positive correlation with the leaf area ratio. Also, photosynthesis at seed development stage showed positive correlation with grain yields but there was not significant between photosynthesis and yields at flowering stage..

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.665-675
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• 2018

Rice is a facultative short-day (SD) plant in which flowering is induced under SD conditions or by other environmental factors and internal genetic programs. Overexpression of Histone Deacetylase 701 (HDT701) accelerates flowering in hybrid rice. In this study, mutants defective in HDT701 flowered late under both SD and long-day conditions. Expression levels of florigens Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering Locus T1 (RFT1), and their immediate upstream floral activator Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), were significantly decreased in the hdt701 mutants, indicating that HDT701 functions upstream of Ehd1 in controlling flowering time. Transcript levels of OsINDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1 (OsIDS1), an upstream repressor of Ehd1, were significantly increased in the mutants while those of OsGI and Hd1 were reduced. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HDT701 directly binds to the promoter region of OsIDS1. These results suggest that HDT701 induces flowering by suppressing OsIDS1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2010

The study investigated on quality characteristics of pan breads prepared with 0, 1, 3 and 5% flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. wils.) fruit powder. The pH of dough and bread decreased with the addition of flowering cherry fruit powder, whereas the weight of bread increased. The volume, specific volume and baking loss rate of the breads decreased as flowering cherry fruit powder levels increased. The volume of dough during fermentation of bread containing flowering fruit cherry powder was smaller than those of the dough without flowering cherry fruit powder. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of breads crumb and crust color were decreased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased; however, the redness (a) was increased. In the texture analyzer measurement, hardness and chewiness of the breads were significantly increased by adding the powder but cohesiveness was decreased. There was no significant difference in springiness. The antioxidative activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity of bread increased as the concentration of flowering cherry fruit powder increased. The bread containing 3% flowering cherry fruit powder has acceptable sensory properties. such as color, smell, taste, chewiness, texture and overall acceptability. The results exhibited that adding the flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread increased antioxidant activity, and the highest quality improvement was obtained by incorporating 3% flowering cherry fruit powder into the bread formula.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the response of rapeseed (Brassica napus) to different planting date in the spring and varieties on growth and flowering characteristics. Eight rapeseed varieties were sowed at 10 day interval from 1st to 31th of March at Muan and Jeju in Korea. Significant planting dates and rapeseed varieties effects for growth, start of flowering and duration. As the planting date was being delayed, plant length and flower number were decreased, but branch number was increased. And, start of flowering date was retarded and flowering duration decreased with later planting date. Days from planting to flowering was shortened as seeding date was delayed and shortening degree was similar between experimental locations, Muan and Jeju. The days to flowering for rapeseed about 73~94 days for 1st March and then decreased to 57~71 days for the 31th March of planting date. 'Tammiyuchae' and 'Mokpo 111' seeded on each planting date come into blossom more earlier about 10 days as compared to 'Tamlayuchae' and 'Naehanyuchae'. The duration of flowering for the B. napus varieties was shortened as planting date was delayed. The results revealed that flowering characteristics of rapeseed can be greatly enhanced by planting as early as possible, and early flowering varieties i.e. 'Tammiyuchae' and 'Spring' were the most suitable varieties among the tested varieties for planting in the spring.