• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

인화점과 연소점은 가연성 물질의 잠재적인 화재 및 폭발 위험성을 결정하는데 중요한 연소 특성치들이다. 인화점은 가연성 액체에서 발생한 증기가 공기와 혼합하여 가연성 혼합기체를 형성하여 인화할 수 있는 액체의 최저 온도로 정의 한다. 연소점(fire point)은 가연성 액체 표면에 시험염(pilot flame)을 접촉시켰을 때 5초간 발염연소를 지속하는 액체의 온도를 말한다. 인화점은 여러 문헌에서 소개가 되고 있지만, 연소점은 연소의 지속성(sustenance)을 나타내는 중요한 자료임에도 불구하고 관련 문헌은 소수에 불과하다. 본 연구에서는 산류에 대해 Pensky-Martens 밀폐식 장치(ASTM-D93)와 Tag 개방식 장치(ASTM D1310-86)를 이용하여 하부인화점 및 연소점을 측정하였고, 측정된 값은 화학양론계수의 1.11배를 근거로 예측 값과 비교하였고, 제시된 식은 실험값과 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2023

Lithium ions can induce the thermal runaway phenomenon and lead to reignition due to electrical, mechanical, and environmental factors such as high temperature, smoke generation, explosions, or flames, which is extremely likely to create safety concerns. Therefore, one of the ways to improve the flame retardancy of the electrolyte is to use a flame-retardant additive. Comparing the associated characteristic value of existing substances with the required experimental value, it was found that these values were either considerably different or were not documented. It is vital to know a substance's combustion characteristic values, flash point, explosion limit, and autoignition temperature (AIT) as well as its combustion characteristics before using it. In this research, the flash point and AIT of materials were measured by mixing a highly volatile and flammable substance, diethyl carbonate (DEC), with flame-retardant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The flash point of DEC, which is a pure substance, was 29℃, and that for DMMP was 65℃. Further, the lower explosion limit calculated using the measured flash point of DEC was 1.79 Vol.%, while that for DMMP was 0.79 Vol.%. The AIT was 410℃ and 390℃ for DEC and DMMP, respectively. In particular, since the AIT of DMMP has not been discussed in any previous study, it is necessary to ensure safety through experimental values. In this study, the experimental and regression analysis revealed that the average absolute deviation (ADD) for the flash point of the DEC+DMMP DEC+DMMP system is 0.58 sec and that the flash point tends to increase according to changes in the composition employed. It also revealed that the AAD for the AIT of the mixture was 3.17 sec and that the AIT tended to decrease and then increase based on changes in the composition.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1999년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.89-93
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• 1999

Experimental studies are conducted to investigate the flame stability and the thermal/fuel NOx formation characteristics of the low calorific value(LCV) gas fuel. Synthetic LCV fuel gas is produced through mixing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia on the basis that the thermal input of the syngas fuel into a burner is identical to that of natural gas, and then the syngas mixture is fed to and burnt with air on flat flame burner. Flame behaviors are observed to identify flame instability due to blow-off or flash-back when burning the LCV fuel gas at various equivalence ratio conditions. Measurements of NOx in combustion gas are made for comparing thermal and fuel NOx emissions from the LCV syngas combustion with those of the natural gas one, and for analyzing ammonia to NOx conversion mechanism. In addition, the nitrogen dilution of the LCV syngas is preliminarily attempted as a NOx reduction technique.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2004

The flash point is one of the most important combustible properties used to determine the potential for the fire and explosion hazards of industrial material and the fire point is the temperature of the flammable liquid at which there will be flaming combustion, sustained 5 seconds in response to the pilot flame. In this study, the flash point and fire point were measured to present raw data of the flammable risk assessment for alcohols, using Tag open-cup apparatus(ASTM D 1310-86). The measured values were compared with the calculated values based on 0.78 times stoichiometric concentration. The values calculated by the proposed equations were in good agreement with the measured values.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 화재현장에서 소방관들이 느끼는 위험성과 돌발화염에 대한 인식에 관하여 조사하고 연령, 경력 및 계급에 따른 인식의 차이를 통계적으로 비교 분석하였다. 화재현장에서 느끼는 위험성은 계급에 따라 인식의 차이가 있음을 확인하였으며, 화재현장에서의 돌발화염 노출 가능성에 대해서는 70% 이상의 응답자가 노출가능성이 높다고 응답하였으나 연령, 경력, 직급에 따른 인식 차이는 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 만약 화재현장에서 돌발화염을 겪게 될 경우의 위기대처 능력에 관한 조사에서는 응답자의 연령, 경력, 직급에 따라 인식의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 볼 때 향후 돌발화염의 모의 훈련 등의 강화가 보다 절실히 요구되며, 돌발화염에 따른 표준작전절차의 개선이나 화재진압교육의 보완을 통해 인명사고를 최소화하기 위한 방안들이 강구되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to conduct the study of the combustion and thermal characteristics through transportation oil for the analysis of fire hazard. Transportation oil breaks down into fuels such as diesel for civilian demands, gasoline, DF1(diesel for military), high sulfur diesel(for marine), kerosene and JP1(for aviation), and lubricants like brake fluid, power steering oil, engine oil, and automatic and manual transmission oil. The experiments of flash point, ignition point, flame duration time, heat release rate were carried out using TAG closed cup flash point tester(AFP761), Cleveland open cup auto flash point analyzer(AFP762), KRS-RG-9000 and Dual cone calorimeter. As a result, the fuel's ignition points were lower than lubricants, especially that of gasoline was not conducted as it has below zero one. Gasoline has the highest ignition point of about $600^{\circ}C$, while the other fuels showed $400{\sim}465^{\circ}C$. For flame duration time, lubricants had over 300 seconds, but fuels had less than 300 seconds except high sulfur diesel(350 seconds). Total heat release rate ranged $287{\sim}462kW/m^2$ for lubricants and gasoline showed the highest total heat release rate, $652kW/m^2$.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.24-34
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 수관식 보일러의 열교환기를 모사하기 위하여 수관의 존재 유무에 따른 화염의 안정화와 연소 특성을 당량비와 유속에 따라 비교하였다. 버너는 화염이 존재하는 SiC foam과 역화 방지를 위한 세라믹 보드, 균일한 유동장을 형성하는 알루미나 볼로 구성되며, 반경 반향의 열 손실을 최소화하기 위하여 단열재로 밀폐되어 있다. 결과적으로 수관이 존재하는 경우 낮은 당량비 구간에서 역화 및 날림 현상의 경계가 넓어지는 것을 안정화 영역에서 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 수관이 존재하는 경우 NOx 배출량이 수관이 없는 경우보다 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 수관이 존재함으로써 열 손실을 억제하여 화염의 온도가 증가하는 것으로 판단하였으며, O₂ 배출량과 화염의 온도를 예측하여 입증하였다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2007년도 제34회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.139-144
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• 2007

A micro cyclone combustor was developed to be used as a component of mobile power generator (MPG). The cyclone combustor was designed so that fuel and air were supplied to the combustion chamber separately to prevent a flash-back. The flame shape stabilized inside the micro cyclone combustor was visualized experimentally and the flow field and the combustion characteristics of the combustor were investigated numerically. The global equivalence ratio (${\Phi}$), defined using the fuel and air flow rates, was introduced to examine the overall flow and flame features of the combustor. The flame stabilization mechanism could be well understood using the velocity distribution inside the combustor. For only non-reacting case, it was found that a weak recirculating zone was formed upper the fuel-supplying tube in case of ${\Phi}$ < 1.0. It was also found that small regions that have a negative axial velocity exist near the fuel injection ports for both of non-reacting and reacting case. It was identify that a flame front was stabilized at the negative axial velocity regions near the fuel injection ports.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2011

The goal of fire prevention research is to eliminate fires as a cause of fatal accidents and there are two main areas of research. One is to prevent flame propagation during in-flight and it addresses fire hazards. The other is to minimize the possibility of flame penetration or fuselage burn-through and it aims toward post-crash survival include crash protection, emergency evacuation and post-evacuation survival. Civil aviation authorities world-wide are trying to identify threats and measure performance for fire prevention. The results of research are standardized and given as general directions of test methods. This paper has prepared to study and present the means of compliance to the fire prevention requirements and applicable test methods.

• 공업화학
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2020

기존의 방열필름의 연소문제를 해결하기 위해 poly(tetra methylene glycol) (PTMG), 4,4'-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI)와 유기인이 도입된 실란 커플링제로 표면개질한 질화붕소를 사용하여 폴리우레탄과 개질된 질화붕소로 이루어진 복합체를 제작하였다. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) 분광 분석을 통해 질화붕소의 개질과 복합체의 합성 여부를 확인하였다. 또 universal testing machine (UTM) 측정을 통해 개질된 질화붕소의 함량에 따른 복합체의 기계적 물성 변화를 확인하였으며, layser flash analysis (LFA)와 UL94 측정을 통해 열적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 복합체의 열전도도가 1.19 W/m·K로 증가하였으며, 자기소화성이 없어 타기 쉬운 폴리우레탄의 난연성이 UL94 V-1 등급으로 향상되었다.