Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회논문지)

Korean Institute of Fire Science and Engineering (한국화재소방학회)
권호 표지

A Study on Flash Points and Fire Points of Acids Using Closed Cup and Open-cup Apparatus

밀폐식과 개방식 장치를 이용한 Acid류의 인화점과 연소점에 관한 연구

  • Published : 2006.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The flash and fire point are the most important combustible properties used to determine the potential for the fire and explosion hazards of flammable material. The flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface or within a vessel. The fire point is the temperature of the flammable liquid at which there will be flaming combustion, sustained 5 seconds in response to the pilot flame. In this study, the flash points and fire points were measured to present raw data of the flammable risk assessment for acids, using Pensky-Martens Closed Cup(C.C.) apparatus (ASTM-D93) and Tag Open-cup (O.C.) apparatus(ASTM D 1310-86). The measured fire points were compared with the estimated values based on 1.11 times stoichiometric concentration. The values calculated by the proposed equation were in good agreement with measured values.

인화점과 연소점은 가연성 물질의 잠재적인 화재 및 폭발 위험성을 결정하는데 중요한 연소 특성치들이다. 인화점은 가연성 액체에서 발생한 증기가 공기와 혼합하여 가연성 혼합기체를 형성하여 인화할 수 있는 액체의 최저 온도로 정의 한다. 연소점(fire point)은 가연성 액체 표면에 시험염(pilot flame)을 접촉시켰을 때 5초간 발염연소를 지속하는 액체의 온도를 말한다. 인화점은 여러 문헌에서 소개가 되고 있지만, 연소점은 연소의 지속성(sustenance)을 나타내는 중요한 자료임에도 불구하고 관련 문헌은 소수에 불과하다. 본 연구에서는 산류에 대해 Pensky-Martens 밀폐식 장치(ASTM-D93)와 Tag 개방식 장치(ASTM D1310-86)를 이용하여 하부인화점 및 연소점을 측정하였고, 측정된 값은 화학양론계수의 1.11배를 근거로 예측 값과 비교하였고, 제시된 식은 실험값과 잘 일치하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. E. Meyer, 'Chemistry of Hazardous Materials', 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall(1990)
  2. V. Babrauskas, 'Ignition Handbook', Fire Science Publishers, SFPE(2003)
  3. F. P. Lees, 'Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Vol. 1', 2nd ed., Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann(1996)
  4. B. F. Hanley, 'A Model for the Calculation and the Verification of Closed Cup Flash Points Multicomponent Mixtures', Process Safety Progress, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.86-97(1998) https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170204
  5. Y. Nakano, 'Estimation of Flash Point of Emulsified Fuels', J. of Japan Society for Safety Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.77-82(1990)
  6. D. M. Ha, S. J. Lee, Y. C. Choi, and H. J. Oh, 'Measurement of Flash Points of Binary Systems by Using Closed Cup Tester', Hwahak Konghak, Vol. 41, No. 2 pp.186-191(2003)
  7. D. M. Ha, S. J. Lee, and Y. H. Song, 'Measurement of Flash Points for the Flammable Binary Mixtures using Tag Open-Cup Apparatus', Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 1, pp.181-185(2005)
  8. M. Vidal, W. J. Rogers, J. C. Holste, and M. S. Mannan, 'A Review of Estimation Methods for Flash Points and Flammability Limits' Process Safety Propress, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.47-55(2004) https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10004
  9. H. J. Liaw, Y. H. Lee, C. L. Tang, H. H. Hsu, and J. H. Liu, 'A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Flash Point of Binary Solutions', J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 15, pp. 429-438(2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00068-2
  10. J. C. Jones and J. Godefroy, 'A Reappraisal of the Flash Point of Formic Acid', J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 15, pp.241-243 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(01)00063-8
  11. A. F. Roberts and B. W. Quince, 'A Limiting Condition for the Burning of Flammable Liquids', Combustion and Flame, Vol. 20, pp.245-251(1973) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(73)80178-6
  12. P. F. Thorne, 'The Dilution of Flammable Polar Solvents by Water for Safe Disposal', J. of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 2, pp.321-332(1977/1978) https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(77)85003-6
  13. D. M. Ha, S. J. Lee, and Y. H. Song, 'Measurement of Fire Point and Flash Point for Alcohols using Tag Open-Cup Apparatus', Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp.69-73 (2004)
  14. J. C. Jones, 'A Means of Calculating the Fire Points of Organic Compounds', J. of Fire Sciences, Vol. 19. pp.62-68(2003)
  15. NFPA, 'Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquid, Gases, and Volatile Solids', NFPA 325M, NFPA(1991)
  16. R. E. Lenga and K. L. Votoupal, 'The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data, Vol. I-Vol. III', Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.(1993)
  17. J. A. Dean, 'Lange's Handbook of Chemistry', 14th ed., McGraw-Hill (1999)