• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.625-641
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to establish unified standards on the scope of protection of choreographic works and to suggest methods for the protection of choreography copyright. 20 experts was selected among dance experts or copyright experts and depth interview method, Delphi method and AHP analysis were used. The result was summarized as follows : First, 50 percents of the experts thought pure dance works and popular dance works should be protected by same standard, while 45 percents of the experts suggested different standard. Second, 55 percents of the experts claimed required fixation on certain medium, while 40 percents did not claim required fixation but only expression. Requirement of originality was to independently create choreography and to reflect creative characteristic(65%). 70 percents of experts were positive on defining dance choreography as independent work, while 25 percents were negative. Elements of the choreography protection scope were in following order of importance: pattern of movement, creative and concrete plot, combination of movements and steps, and movement pattern with specific space. Third, methods for the protection of dance copyright in hierarchical classification were in following order of importance : 'copyright education', 'activation of organization of dance copyright trust management', 'choreography registration' and 'inducement of social concern. Fourth, 'Active participation of dance copyright trust management organization' was thought as the most important development plan. 'Improvement of dancers' awareness of copyright', 'inducement of choreography registration', and 'reinforcement of copyright education' followed in order.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.460-466
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• 2009

Carbon fixation and density of crops are important to estimate carbon uptake or emission by agricultural production activities and to establish life cycle inventory of crops for assessment of climate change impact. In this study, regional carbon fixation and density in each part of 14 crops, harvest index, and ratio of aboveground to underground were investigated to estimate biomass of 14 crops in Korea by using agricultural statistics data. Biomass yield of potato was $16.5ton\;ha^{-1}$, which was the highest, and those of rice, sweet potato, and garlic were $10.5ton\;ha^{-1}$, $8.7ton\;ha^{-1}$, and $7.5ton\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. Biomass yield of Green onion was the lowest as $2.8ton\;ha^{-1}$. Carbon density of 14 crops were in the order of potato ($6.4ton\;ha^{-1}$), rice ($4.2ton\;ha^{-1}$), sweet potato ($3.4ton\;ha^{-1}$), rape ($2.9ton\;ha^{-1}$) and garlic ($2.8ton\;ha^{-1}$). Regional distribution of carbon contents for each crop mapped revealed that carbon fixation of rice, soybean, sesame, garlic, and green onion were the highest in Jeonnam province, barley, red pepper, and watermelon in Gyeongnam, perilla in Chungnam, peanut in Gyeongbuk, rape and carrot in Jeju, sweet potato in Gyeonggi, potato in Gangwon. The results can be applied for assessing life cycle inventory of crops and crop productivity using remotely sensed data.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.576-587
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• 2010

Background: Effective decellularization and fixation process is critical, in order to use xenogenic valves clinically. In the present study, we decellularized bovine pericardium using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and N-lauroyl sarcosinate, treated with $\alpha$-galactosidase, and then fixed in various manners, to find out the most effective tissue preservation & fixation procedure. Material and Method: Bovine pericardium was decellularized with SDS and N-lauroyl sarcosinate, and treated with $\alpha$-galactosidase. Both groups were fixed differently, by varying glutaraldehyde (GA) or EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide)/N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) treatment conditions. Thereafter, physical examination, tensile strength test, thermal stability test, cytotoxicity test, pronase test, pronase-ninhydrin test, purpald test, permeability test, compliance test, H&E staining, DNA quantification, and $\alpha$-galactose staining were carried out to each groups. Result: GA fixed groups showed better physical properties and thermal stability than EDC/NHS fixed groups, EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups showed better physical properties and thermal stability than EDC/NHS fixed groups, and showed better thermal stability than GA fixed groups. In pronase test and pronase-ninhydrin test, GA fixed groups and EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups showed stronger crosslinks than EDC/NHS groups. Permeability and compliance tended to increase in EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups, compared to GA fixed groups. But, EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups had stronger tensile strength and lower cytotoxicity than GA fixed groups. Conclusion: We have verified that EDC/NHS-GA dual fixation can make effective crosslinks and lower the toxicity of GA fixation. Henceforth, we will verify if EDC/NHS-GA dual fixation can lower calcifications & tissue failure in vivo experiment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.318-324
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• 2016

In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was used. $^{15}N$ fertilizer [$(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to $600cm^2$ in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. $^{15}N$ was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % $^{15}N$ excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % $^{15}N$ than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on $^{15}N$ dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the $^{15}N$ dilution method.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 1999

A green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris UTX 259, was cultivated in a bench-scale raceway pond. During the culture, 15%(v/v) $CO_2$ was supplied and industrial wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant was used as a culture medium. In a small scale culture bottle, the microalga grew up to 1.8 g $dm^{-3}$ of cell concentration and ammonia was completely removed from the wastewater with an yield coefficient of 25.7 g dry cell weight $g^{-1}\;NH_3-N$. During the bottle-culture, microalga was dominant over heterotrophic microorganisms in the culture medium. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation could be estimated from the change of dry cell weight. In a semi-continuous operation of raceway pond with intermittent lighting (12 h light and 12 h dark), increase of dilution rate resulted in increase of the ammonia removal rate as well as the $CO_2$ fixation rate but the ammonia removal efficiency decreased. Ammonia was not completely removed from the medium (wastewater) of raceway pond which was operated in a batch mode under a light intensity up to 20 klux. The incomplete removal of ammonia was believed due to insufficient light supply. A mathematical model, capable of predicting experimental data, was developed in order to simulate the performance of the raceway pond under the light intensity of sun during a bright daytime. Simulation results showed that the rates of $CO_2$ fixation and ammonia removal could be enhanced by increasing light intensity. According to the simulation, 80 mg $dm^{-3}$ of ammonia in the medium could be completely removed if the light intensity was over 60 klux with a continuous lighting. Under the optimal operating condition determined by the simulation, the rates of carbon dioxide fixation and ammonia removal in the outdoor operation of raceway pond were estimated as high as $24.7 g m^{-2} day^{-1}$ and $0.52 g NH_3-N m^{-2} day^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2006

This paper describes rapid prototyping (RP) and reverse engineering (RE) application for orthopedic surgery planning to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the orthopedic surgery. Using the symmetrical characteristics of the human body, CAD data of undamaged bone of the injured area are generated from a mirror transformation of undamaged bone data for the uninjured area. The physical model before the injury is manufactured from Poly jet RP process. The surgical plan, including the selection of the proper implant, pre-forming of the implant and decision of fixation positions, etc., is determined by a physical simulation using the physical model. In order to examine the applicability and efficiency of the surgical planning technology, two case studies, such as a distal tibia comminuted fracture and an iliac wing fracture of pelvis, are carried out. From the results of the examination, it has been shown that the RP and RE can be applied to orthopedic surgical planning and can be an efficient surgical tool.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 1998

The procedures currently used for determining microbiological quality of natural mineral water recommend filtration through membrane filters. In this study, we evaluated the effect of vacuum pressure for the accurate detection of bacteria from water samples seeded with Escherichia coli. We observed that the number of E. coli detected increased with increasing vacuum pressure. In order to examine the retention rate of bacteria in the holes of the membranes under the different pressures, the membrane filters were removed after filtration, washed with sterile water by vortexing, and placed on m-Endo agar plates. With all the filters tested, the number of E. coli retained within the filters at negative 600 mmHg was approximately 10 to $20\%$ higher than that obtained with 100 mmHg. These results demonstrate that the vacuum pressure exerted during the filtration procedure may affect the fixation of bacteria into some portions of openings in the membrane filter.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1264-1271
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• 1999

In this paper, an efficient method of analysis and design of fault detection filter is presented. Since the directional constraint is applied to the eigenstructure associated with the detection space, an eigenvector is determined by the eigenvalues associated with other eigenvectors. Further, the assignment of a pair of eigenvalue and eigenvector leads to the fixation of overall eigenstructure related with the detection space. Using the transmission zeros and the transmission zero vectors, these phenomenon are clearly proven, and an efficient algorithm for design of the fault detection filters is presented.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.7-14
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• 1998

Microwaves are high frequency radiation capable of generating very rapid, uniform and efficient heating of textile material. Microwave heated dyeing of polyester fabric was tried with different solvent systems, irradiation time and dye concentration. Microwave fixation methods were used with 100% water,30% urea, EG and DMF, respectively, pad-baths in which the padded fabrics were exposed over a heated or boiling water bath to maintain sufficient moisture content during irradiation. In order to ascertain the relation between the dyeing property of polyester fabric and the microwave irradiation condition caused by microwave heating, the K/S values and fastness properties of dyed fabrics such as light, washing and sublimation fastness were measured.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2005

It is difficult to dye nylon/viscose rayon mixture fabrics by one-bath one-step dyeing method, because acid dyes and reactive dyes require acidic dyebath for adsorption and alkaline dyebath for fixation respectively. In order to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional two bath two step dyeing method of nylon/viscose rayon mixture fabric, it was pretreated with cationizing agent containing chlorohydrine group in aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The pretreated nylon/viscose rayon mixture fabrics produced cationized fabrics that could be dyed with acid dyes and reactive dyes under neutral condition. This study was carried out to investigate dyeing possibilities, surface reflectance spectra and color characteristics of cationized nylon/viscose rayon mixture fabrics with acid dyes and reactive dyes in a non-electrolytic and neutral dyebath by one bath one step dyeing method.