• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.451-456
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• 2007

The potential antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from soybean and rice fermented with Monascus sp. were investigated. M. pilosus IFO 480 and M. anka IFO 478 were screened as a suitable strain to promote the antioxidant activities in soybean- and rice- fermentation. The methanol extracts from soybean and rice after fermenting for 20 days at $30^{\circ}C$ resulted in a significant increase in the antioxidant capacities expressed as radical (ABTS and DPPH) scavenging assay and peroxidation inhibition (%) by thiocyanate method and increased (p<0.01) by a 2.6 to 3.1-fold compared with those of the unfermented products. The average antioxidant potentials of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSE) were significantly (p<0.01) stronger than Monascus-fermented rice extracts (MFRE). A linear correlations between free radical scavenging activity of MFSE and the total phenolics content (r=0.84) and total flavonoids content (r=0.81) were observed. These results indicated that MFSE exhibited stronger (p<0.01) antioxidant activity and contained significantly higher levels (p<0.05) of phenolics than MFRE.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.380-382
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• 2016

Chungkookjang, fermented soybeans, contains diverse peptides produced during fermentation. Fermented soybean extracts containing the peptides can affect cellular signal transduction. Proliferation of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were repressed dependent on concentrations of fermented soybean extracts. Since fermented soybean extracts inhibited breast cancer cell's growth, and inflammation is related to cancer, it is determined whether it can suppress inflammatory $TNF{\alpha}$ expression. $TNF{\alpha}$ expression in MDA-MB 231 cells treated with fermented soybean extracts was repressed by that extracts. $TNF{\alpha}$ inhibitors were developed as drugs for autoimmune diseases. Since fermented soybean extracts suppressed $TNF{\alpha}$ expression, it can be developed as those drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2002

The inductions of phase II enzymes, such as NAD(P)H : quinone reductase (QR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) level and the inhibition of polyamine metabolism were tested for the chemopreventive potentials of the extracts from the soybean fermented with Agrocybe cylindracea (AC) or Phellinus igniarius (PI). The soybean fermented with AC or PI was potent inducer of QR activity in murine hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells. GST activities of the extracts from soybean fermented with AC or PI were higher than that of the extract from soybean not fermented with basidiomycetes. In addition, GSH levels of the extracts from soybean fermented with AC or PI were increased about 1.2 fold or 1.4 fold, respectively. In addition, proliferation of Acanthamoeba castellanii in a broth medium was inhibited by the extracts from soybean fermented with AC or PI at the both concentration of 20 and 40 mg/3 ml. These results suggest that soybean fermented with AC or PI may have chemopreventive potentials by inducing QR activity, increasing GSH and GST levels and inhibiting polyamine metabolism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2016

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that has been isolated from contaminated fermented soybean food products and from the environment. B. cereus produces diarrheal and emetic toxins and has caused many outbreaks of foodborne diseases. In this study, we investigated whether B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7, isolated from rice doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented soybean food, shows antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and regulates its toxin gene expression. B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against B. cereus and inhibited the expression of B. cereus toxin-related genes (groEL, nheA, nheC, and entFM). We also found that addition of water extracts of soybean and buckwheat soksungjang (Korean fermented soybean paste made in a short time) fermented with B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 significantly reduced the growth and toxin expression of B. cereus. These results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 could be used to control B. cereus growth and toxin production in the fermented soybean food industry. Our findings also provide a basis for the development of candidate biological control agents against B. cereus to improve the safety of fermented soybean food products.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.878-880
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• 2005

Antimutagenic effects of methanol extracts of various soybean pastes against aflatoxin B1 were examined using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Antimutagenic activities of boiled soybeans, Japanese Miso, traditional Korean soybean pastes, soybean pastes fermented by wild type strains, and soybean pastes fermented by mutants, transformants, and cell fusants were 53.6 to 54.6%, 73 to 79.7%, 78.3 to 95.7%, 85 to 97.1%, 71.9 to 78.3%, 65.5 to 77.7%, and 73.4 to 79.0%, respectively. Soybean pastes fermented by wild type strains showed higher activities than those fermented by mutant, transformant, and cell fusant strains.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.525-528
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• 1996

To investigate the inhibitory effect of soybean and Korean traditional fermented soybean products on the chemically induced mutagenesis, we extracted soybean, Kanjang, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chongkukjang with water, methanol and hexane. Inhibitory effect of the extracts was assayed by the SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 as a test strain. 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine(MNNG), and aflatoxin B$_{1}$(AFB$_{1}$) were used as mutagens. Methanol extracts showed relatively higher inhibitory effect than water and hexane extracts. Methanol extracts of soybean, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chonhkukjang showed inhibitory effect of 68.4, 96.3, 17.5, and 100.9% against MNNG, and 28.6, 109.1, 41.3, and 101.8% against AFB$_{1}$, respectively. Doenjang methanol extract showed inhibitory effect of 51.0, 96.3, and 109.1% against 4NQO, MNNG, and AFB$_{1}$, respectively. Methanol extract of Doenjang showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect against 4NQO, MNNG, and AFB$_{1}$. Inhibitory effect of heat-treated Doenjang and Chongkukjang methanol extracts on the mutagenecity of MNNG and AFB$_{1}$ was remained over 95% of the inhibitory effect of heat-untreated extracts, demonstrating the heat stability of the potent antimutagenic activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.680-689
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the validation method for isoflavone contents of fermented soybean extracts by bioconversion as well as their antioxidant activities. Our results show that the total isoflavone contents of non-fermented and fermented soybean extract ranged between 119.8 to $637.7{\mu}g/g$ and between 567.3 to $2,074.6{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Moreover, fermented soybean extracts had higher contents of isoflavone aglycones, including daidzein, glycitein, and genistein than non-fermented soybean extracts as well as lower contents of isoflavone glucosides such as daidzin, glycitin, and genistin. FRAP and ORAC values ranged between 0.15 to 0.22 and between 195.24 to $753.79{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents/g in non-fermented and fermented soybean extracts, respectively. These results indicate that fermented soybean extracts had higher total isoflavone contents and antioxidant activities than non-fermented soybean extracts. Bioconversion process in this study may have the potential to produce isoflavone-enriched natural antioxidant agents with high added value from soybean matrices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.182-184
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• 2004

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally. The effects of several extracts from soybeans and Korean soybean paste (doen-jang) on the growth of human oral carcinoma cells in vitro were assessed. We prepared petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract, chloroform extract, methanol extract, and water extract from soybeans and soybean paste. We used KB cell, which is an oral epidermoid carcinoma cell, and investigated proliferation of the tumor cells using MTT method. Each extract of soybean paste suppressed the KB cell proliferation. A dose-response relationship was observed between the level of ethyl acetate extract of soybean paste and its suppression of the cell proliferation. The effects of soybean extracts were lower than those of soybean paste extracts. The effects might be enhanced by the fermentation of soybeans. The results of this work indicate that extracts from soybeans and Korean soybean paste could have potential as anti-tumor substances.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.139-153
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• 2012

Objectives : NK cells are spontaneously cytotoxic lymphocytes. These are not only important parts in the first line of defence against bacterial and viral infections of outside, but they may also play a critical role in chronic viral diseases. NK cells kill their targets spontaneously, without the need for prior sensitization and class I MHC restriction by the regulation of cytolytic functions and secretion of a variety of cytokines, such as interleukin-12(IL-12), MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$. In addition, macrophage and NK cells cooperate through the production of cell mediates. These cooperation and modulation are one of major factors to prevent for evading immune surveillance of cancer. Hence, it could be assumed that if any candidate to enhance activities of macrophage and NK cell, it is considered as a potentially useful agents against cancer. Methods : In our study, to investigate effect of fermented soybean extracts by Lactic acid bacteria (SFE, soybean fermented extracts) work on intestinal immune cell to maintain general immune modulating and anti-cancer activity. We analyzed NK cytotoxicity assay and gene expressions of cytokine related with macrophage and NK cell activity. Results : In vitro experiment, SFE was verified as safety material for cell toxicicty to tumor cell strain without any toxicity of tumor growth inhibition and various cell strain. Effects of macrophage activity stimulating directly by SFE measured induced cytokine. The studies showed that IL-12 production by stimulation of SFE depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 0.63mg/mL with non toxicity to cell, and it was the best activity at 0.63mg/mL. Besides, the effective concentration of SFE producing TNF-${\alpha}$ is similar to IL-12, but it was the best activity at 1.25mg/mL. The level of MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 10mg/mL, IFN-${\gamma}$ showed the best activity at the effective concentration of 0.63mg/mL. With the result of NK cell activity measurement, the spleen cell of mouse injected SFE had 1.5 times higher killing effect than non injected cell. Conclusions : The result of this studies is that Soybean fermetated extracts(SFE) has possibility to immune aided material for the function not only inhibition of microbial infection to macrophage but also activity of adaption immune and cellular immune system.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 2005

Antibacterial, free radical scavenging, proliferative, and cytotoxicity effects of Doenjang extracts were examined. All samples except water extract showed strong antibacterial activity against oral bacteria, Streptococcus. pyogenes, S. mutants, S. sanguinis, S. sorbrinus, S. criceti, S. antinosus, S. gordonii, and Porphyromonas. gingivalis (MIC and MBC values: 0.08-1.25 and 0.16-2.50 mg/ml, respectively). DPPH method showed ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts are effective inhibitors of oral bacteria. Based on MTT assay, 24 h exposure to 0.31 mg/ml of all extracts, excepted water extract, resulted in strong cytotoxicity on KB cells. All extracts strongly inhibited human gingival fibroblast viability.