• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2016

In this study, ethanol was produced from a biomass hydrolysate that had been treated by electrodialysis (ED) and Amberlite XAD resin to remove fermentation inhibitors. Most of the acetic acid (95.6%) was removed during the ED process. Non-ionizable compounds such as total phenolic compounds, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, and furfural were effectively removed by the XAD resin treatment. Ethanol production was improved when the ED-treated hydrolysate was treated with XAD-4 resin for a short reaction time. The highest ethanol production from ED-treated hydrolysate was $6.16g/{\ell}$ (after 72 h of fermentation) when the treatment with XAD-4 resin was for 5 min. Among the lignin-derived fermentation inhibitors tested, syringaldehyde in low concentrations (1 and 2 mM) in the hydrolysate increased ethanol production, whereas a high concentration (5 mM) inhibited the ethanol production process. A synthetic medium containing syringaldehyde and ferulic acid was prepared to investigate the synergistic effect of inhibitors on ethanol fermentation. Ethanol production decreased in the mixture of 1 mM syringaldehyde and 1 mM ferulic acid, implying that the effect of ferulic acid on ethanol fermentation is comparable to that of syringaldehyde.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Formed fermentation inhibitors during acid saccharification leads to poor alcohol production based on lignocellulosic bio-alcohol production process. In this work, it is focused on the formation of fermentation inhibitors from xylan, which is influenced by reaction tempearature and time of acidic sacharifiaction of xylose and glucuronic acid. In second step of concentrated acid hydrolysis, part of xylose and glucuronic acid was converted to furfuraldehyde and formic acid by dehydration and rearrangement reactions. Furfural was form from xylose, which was highly sensitive to reaction temperature. Formic acid was come from both xylose and glucuronic acid, which supposed to main inhibitor in biobutanol fermentation. Reaction temperature of second hydrolysis was main variables to control the furfural and formic acid generation. Careful control of acid saccharification can reduce generation of harmful inhibitors, especially second step of concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.855-861
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• 2015

Lactobacillus plantarum is used for fermentation of fish products, meat and milk. However, the utilization of these bacteria in egg processing has not been done. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of fermented egg albumen as a functional food that is rich in angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors activity (ACE-inhibitor activity) and is antihypertensive. A completely randomized design was used in this study with six durations of fermentation (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h) as treatments. Six hundred eggs obtained from the same chicken farm were used in the experiment as sources of egg albumen. Bacteria L. plantarum FNCC 0027 used in the fermentation was isolated from cow's milk. The parameters measured were the total bacteria, dissolved protein, pH, total acid and the activity of ACE-inhibitors. The results showed that there were significant effects of fermentation time on the parameters tested. Total bacteria increased significantly during fermentation for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h and then decreased with the increasing time of fermentation to 30 and 36 h. Soluble protein increased significantly during fermentation to 18 h and then subsequently decreased during of fermentation to 24, 30, and 36 h. The pH value decreased markedly during fermentation. The activities of ACE-inhibitor in fermented egg albumen increased during fermentation to 18 h and then decreased with the increasing of the duration of fermentation to 24, 30, and 36 h. The egg albumen which was fermented for 18 h resulted in a functional food that was rich in ACE-inhibitor activity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.336-343
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• 1996

Maximum amount of the aminopeptidase M inhibitors produced by Streptomyces griseoplanus SL20209 in 500 ml-Erlenmeyer flask was accumulated after cultivation for 3 days at 28$\circ$C, thereafter the amount of inhibitors decreased slowly with a pH change to alkaline. Arabinose, xylose, mannose and soluble starch were good carbon sources for the production of the inhibitors. On the other hand, glucose was only good for the cell growth but potently inhibited the production of inhibitors. Natural organic nitrogen sources such as soybean meal, fish meal, gluten meal and peanut powder were good for the production of inhibitors, however, soytone, peptone and inorganic nitrogens such as NH$_{4}$C1 and NH$_{4}$NO$_{3}$ were poor. Inclusion of yeast extract (0.5%, w/v) or K$_{2}$HPO$_{4}$ (0.05%) into the production medium increased the production of inhibitors by accelerating cell growth. The production of inhibitors was slightly increased on the medium containing CaCO$_{3}$ (0.3%) and zeolite (0.5%), respectively. Optimal temperature and initial pH range for the production ot inhibitors were determined to be 28$\circ$C and 6.0-7.0, respectively. Employing two improved production media consisting of 3% arabinose or soluble starch, 2.5% soybean meal, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.05% K$_{2}$HP0$_{4}$, 0.1% CaCO$_{3}$ and 0.3% zeolite (pH 6.8), 1.8-fold increase in the amount of inhibitors was achieved, comparing with the basal medium used.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.189-192
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• 2014

During a search for neuraminidase inhibitors derived from medicinal fungi, we found that the fermentation broth of Phellinus linteus exhibited potent neuraminidase inhibitory activity. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, two active compounds were purified from the ethyl acetate-soluble portion of the fermentation broth of P. linteus. These structures were identified as inotilone (1) and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (2) by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited H1N1 neuraminidase activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 29.1 and 125.6 $125.6{\mu}M$, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. They also exhibited an antiviral effect in a viral cytopathic effect reduction assay using MDCK cells. These results suggest that compounds 1 and 2 from the culture broth of P. linteus would be good candidates for the prevention and therapeutic strategies towards viral infections.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1980

In order to find out the inhibitors of acetic acid fermentation in Korean ginseng (Panax Sin son C. A. Meyer), total aglycone, panaxadiol, panaxadiol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$ -sitosterol were added to the basal medium, respectively, and a surface culture was carried out at 30$^{\circ}C$. The results were as follows: 1 . Saponins lost their activity to inhibit the acetic acid fermentation by hydrolysis. 2 Panaxadiol inhibited slightly, and the degree of inhibition was about 1/300 of that of free saponins. 3. Panaxadiol and oleanolic acid inhibited silighly similar to total aglycone. 4. Acetic acid fermentation was stimulated at the early stage when ${\beta}$-sitosterol was added to the media below the level of 0.000815%. But the fermentation was inhibited when media contained it more than that media 5. An over-oxidation of acetic acid was observed when the media contained total aglycone. panaxadiol, panaxatriol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, respectively, while the media which contained sucrose, ginseng extracts ginseng saponins was shown not to be over-oxidized.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 1980

In order to study the effect of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) components on acetic acid fermentation, ginseng extracts, sucrose, total can de saponins were added to the basal niedium respectively and surface culture was carried out at 30$^{\circ}C$. Lag ime, total acidity of the fermentation broth inhibitors and the degrees of inhibition were determined in tile course of fermentation . 1. Acetic acid fermentation was not inhibited by the addition of less than 1.93% of sucrose but the degree of inhibition was increased slightly by the addition of sucrose more than that. 2. Ginseng extract inhibited acetic acid fermentation slightly, and the degree of inhibition was similar to that of sucrose. Lag time was about 72 hours when a 20% of ginseng extract was added to the basal medium while that of the control was 22hours. 3. The free saponins inhibited acetic acid fermentation considerably, and the degree of inhibition of the saponins was about 400 folds of that of ginseng extracts. An increase of total acidity of the broth which contained 2.905% of the saponins was not observed even after one month. 4. It was presumed that some other components except saponins and sucrose in ginseng extracts counter the inbition effect of saponins on acetic acid fermentation

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.603-620
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• 2022

Human activities have caused an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate change that affects many factors of human life including its effect on water and food quality in certain areas with implications for human health. CH₄ and N₂O are known as potent non-CO₂ GHGs. The livestock industry contributes to direct emissions of CH₄ (38.24%) and N₂O (6.70%) through enteric fermentation and manure treatment, as well as indirect N₂O emissions via NH₃ volatilization. NH₃ is also a secondary precursor of particulate matter. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including dietary management, manure treatment, and the possibility of inhibitor usage. Inhibitors, including urease and nitrification inhibitors, are widely used in agricultural fields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors is known to be effective in reducing nitrogen loss from agricultural soil in the form of NH₃ and N₂O and can further reduce CH₄ as a side effect. However, the effectiveness of inhibitors in livestock manure systems has not yet been explored. This review discusses the potential of inhibitor usage, specifically of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, dicyandiamide, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, to reduce emissions from livestock manure. This review focuses on the application of inhibitors to manure, as well as the association of these inhibitors with health, toxicity, and economic benefits.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

During pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, a variety of fermentation inhibitors, including acetic acid and vanillin, are released. Using DNA microarray analysis, this study explored genes of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that respond to vanillin-induced stress. The expression of 273 genes was upregulated and that of 205 genes was downregulated under vanillin stress. Significantly induced genes included MCH2, SNG1, GPH1, and TMA10, whereas NOP2, UTP18, FUR1, and SPR1 were down regulated. Sequence analysis of the 5'-flanking region of upregulated genes suggested that vanillin might regulate gene expression in a stress response element (STRE)-dependent manner, in addition to a pathway that involved the transcription factor Yap1p. Retardation in the cell growth of mutant strains indicated that MCH2, SNG1, and GPH1 are intimately involved in vanillin stress response. Deletion of the genes whose expression levels were decreased under vanillin stress did not result in a notable change in S. cerevisiae growth under vanillin stress. This study will provide the basis for a better understanding of the stress response of the yeast S. cerevisiae to fermentation inhibitors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.158-162
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• 1995

The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of novel aminopeptidase M inhibitors MR-387A and B by Streptomyces sp. SL-387 has been studied. High D-glucose and ammonia concentrations (5$\%$ and 1$\%$, respectively) exerted a negative influence on the inhibitor formation. The suppressive effect of glucose on the inhibitor formation is probably caused by an effect of medium pH rather than that of cyclic AMP. To establish the optimum conditions for inhibitor overproduction, various nitrogen sources and ammonium ion-trapping agents were examined. The use of ammonia slow-releasing nitrogen sources such as soybean meal and fish meal, or ammonium ion-trapping agents such as kaoline, celite, and natural zeolite achieved the enhancement of inhibitor production. These results also indicate that inhibitor formation is affected by ammonium ion repression.