• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.267-283
• /
• 2015

This study aimed to characterize the use of spices in Korean cookbooks published from the 1400's to 1700's. We conducted a content analysis of seven old cookbooks ("Sangayorok", "Suunjapbang", "Eumsikdimibang"), "Yorok", "Jubangmun", "Somunsaseol", and "Jeungbosallimgyeongje"). We collected a total of 238 food recipes, including spices as ingredients. We analyzed the types of spices used and characteristics of the recipes according to 18 dish groups. As results, a total of 10 spices were used as ingredient: ginger, pepper, Chinese pepper, garlic, sesame, chili, mustard, cinnamon, fennel, and clove. Among 238 food recipes analyzed, ginger was used most often (40.3%), followed by pepper (36.1%), Chinese pepper (30.3%), garlic (17.2%), and so on. In particular, chili was used in 18 different kinds of food recipes, which were "Somunsaseol" and "Jeungbosallimgyeongje" published in 1700s. Spices were used in different dish groups mostly as condiments. Among 18 dish groups, Chimchae was the most frequent dish group (44 recipes), followed by Jjim Seon (31 recipes), Jang Yangnyeom (20 recipes) and rice cake cookie (20 recipes). Pepper or Chinese pepper were the most frequently used spices in all food groups except Chimchae, Hoe, Jang Yangnyeom and rice cake cookie, in which garlic, ginger, sesame and ginger were used most frequently, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2009

Headspace micro solid phase extraction using mulberry paper bag (HS-MPB-$\mu$-SPE) has been developed and validated for the analysis of volatile flavor compounds from five spice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). HS-MPB-$\mu$-SPE was performed with adsorbent particles enclosed inside a mulberry paper bag. Four different kinds of adsorbents such as Tenax TA, Porapack Q, dimethylpolysiloxane and polyethylene glycol were tested. The extraction solvents compared were petroleum ether, methylene chloride, and chloroform. Better results were obtained when Tenax TA and petroleum ether were used. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range of 1.3 ng/mL and 4.3 ng/mL, respectively, for o-cymene as a model compound of monoterpene. Proposed method showed good reproducibility (3.3%, RSD) and good recoveries (94.0%). The HS-MPB- μ-SPE is very simple to use, inexpensive, rapid, requires small sample amounts and solvent consumption. Because the solvent for extraction is reduced to only a very small volume (0.6 mL), there is minimal waste or exposure to toxic organic solvent and no further concentration step. This method allows successful characterization of the headspace in contact with the five spice sample. Strong trans-anethole from star anise or fennel is a characteristic flavor of five spice powders. HS-MPB-$\mu$-SPE combined with GC/MS can be a promising technique for the broad spectrum measurement of volatile aroma compounds from solid spices.

• 식물병연구
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.292-301
• /
• 2018

Alternaria leaf spot disease has been a concern during a tomato production in greenhouse. In vitro antifungal activities of vapours of four plant essential oils, cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil and thyme oil, were investigated during in vitro conidial germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata causing the tomato leaf spots to find eco-friendly alternatives for chemical fungicides. The four plant essential oils showed different antifungal activities against in vitro conidial germination of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, and cinnamon oil vapour was most effective to suppress the conidial germination. The four plant essential oils showed similar antifungal activities against the in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, but low doses of thyme oil vapour slightly increased in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata. Necrotic lesions on the A. alternata-inoculated tomato leaves were reduced differently depending on kinds and concentrations of plant essential oils. Delayed conidial germination and germ-tube elongation of A. alternata were found on the tomato leaves treated with cinnamon oil and origanum oil vapours at 6 hpi. These results suggest that volatiles from cinnamon oil and origanum oil can be provided as alternatives to manage Alternaria leaf spot during the tomato production eco-friendly.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 1978

여러 가지 재료(材料)로부터 pectinase 생산능(生産能)이 강(强)한 균주(菌株)를 검색(檢索)하고 우수균주(優秀菌株) AC-12를 1주선발(株選拔)하여 동정(同定)하고 독성시험(毒性試驗) 및 pectinase 생산조건(生産條件), 효소(酵素)의 특성(特性) 및 사과 과즙(果汁)의 청징화실험(淸澄化實驗)을 실시(實施)하고 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 선발우수균주(選拔優秀菌株)는 Raper와 Fennel의 분류방법(分類方法)에 따라 동정(同定)하였으며 Aspergillus sp. AC-12로 이름 붙였다. 2. 본효소제품(本酵素製品)은 백서(白鼠)의 사육시험(飼育試驗)에서 전연(全然) 독성(毒性)을 나타내지 않았다. 3. 탈지미당배지(脫脂米糖培地)가 밀기울 배지(培地)에 비(比)하여 pectinase의 생산량(生産量)이 현저하게 많았다. 4. 탈지미당배지(脫脂米糖培地)에서의 최적(最適) 배양시간(培養時間)은 72시간(時間), 최적(最適) 첨수량(添水量)은 80% 내외(內外), 최적(最適) 배양온도(培養溫度)는 $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, 최적첨수(最適添水)의 pH는 $3.0{\sim}5.0$ 이었다. 5. 탈지미당배지(脫脂米糖培地)에 pectin, 밀기울배지(培地)에 pectin, $NaNO_3$ 및 $K_2HPO_4$의 첨가(添加)는 pectinase의 생산(生産)을 약간 증가(增加)시켰다. 6. 본효소(本酵素)의 작용최적(作用最適) pH는 $3.0{\sim}4.0,$ 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$, 안정(安定) pH범위(範圍)는 $2.0{\sim}8.0$이고 $40^{\circ}C$ 이하(以下)에서는 안전(安全)하나 $50^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上)에서는 급격(急擊)하게 불활성화(不活性化)되었고, $MnSO_4$와 $CaSO_4$의 첨가(添加)는 pectinase의 활성(活性)을 약간 증가(增加)시켰다. 7. 사과과즙의 청징화(淸澄化)에 대(對) 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ 최적(最適) pH는 3.0이었고, 사과과즙에 대한 효소제품(酵素製品)의 최적첨가농도(最適添加濃度)는 0.1%이며 $45^{\circ}C$에서 60분간(分間) 반응(反應)시켰을 때 과즙(果汁)은 거의 청징화(淸澄化)되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.875-883
• /
• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 육포의 제조방법이 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 기본 양념(간장, 물엿, 참기름, 정종, 마늘, 양파, 배즙)에 설탕(A), 감초(B), 3종류의 향신료(정향;C, 회향;D, 청양고추;E) 추출물과 여러 추출물을 혼합 첨가(F)한 6군으로 나누어 쇠고기를 절인후, 열풍건조와 송풍건조하는 육포의 제조과정에서 근육의 미세구조 변화를 주사전자현미경(SEM)과 투과전자현미경(TEM)으로 관찰하였다. 투과전자현미경(TEM)으로 관찰한 결과, 쇠고기는 액틴과 미오신의 근육라인과 근원섬유가 평행으로 발달되어 있었고 세포의 미토콘드리아와 내막을 볼 수 있었으나 절임과정에서 근섬유가 절단되고 근육라인의 분해 및 세포 구조물들의 퇴행이 일어났다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)으로 관찰한 결과, 자연건조한 한약재 추출물 첨가 육포는 근원 섬유와 공간구조가 남아있고 육질이 보존되어 있었으나 열풍건조한 육포는 근원섬유의 배열과 공간구조가 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 주사전자현미경과 투과전자현미경으로 육포의 미세구조를 관찰한 결과에서 한약재 추출물은 근섬유의 결을 보존하는데 도움이 되며 송풍건조는 열풍 건조에 비하여 육포의 물성을 좋게 함으로써 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 건조방법으로 생각된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1162-1162
• /
• 2001

Whereas NIR spectroscopy has been applied in agriculture for more than 20 years, few studies refer to those plant substances occurring only in smaller amounts. Nevertheless there is a growing interest today to support efficiently activities in the production of high-quality medicinal and spice plants by this fast and non-invasive method. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop new NIR methods for the reliable prediction of secondary metabolites found as valuable substances in various plant species. First, sophisticated NIR methods were established to perform fast quality analyses of intact fennel, caraway and dill fruits deriving from single-plants [1]. Later on, a characterization of several leaf drugs and the corresponding fresh material has been successfully performed. In this context robust calibrations have been developed for dried peppermint, rosemary and sage leaves for the determination of their individual essential oil content and composition [2]. A specially adopted NIR method has been developed also for the analysis of carnosic acid in the leaves of numerous rosemary and sage gene bank accessions. Carnosic acid is an antioxidative substance for which several health promoting properties including cancer preservation are assumed. Also some other calibrations have been developed for non-volatile substances such as aspalathin (in unfermented rooibos leaves), catechins (in green tea) and echinacoside (in different Echinacea species) [3]. Some NIR analyses have also been successfully performed on fresh material, too. In spite of the fact that these measurements showed less accuracy in comparison to dried samples, the calibration equations are precise enough to register the individual plant ontogenesis and genetic background. Based on the information received, the farmers and breeders are able to determine the right harvest time (when the valuable components have reached their optimum profile) and to select high-quality genotypes during breeding experiments, respectively. First promising attempts have also been made to introduce mobile diode array spectrometers to collect the spectral data directly on the field or in the individual natural habitats. Since the development of reliable NIRS methods in this special field of application is very time-consuming and needs continuous maintenance of the calibration equations over a longer period, it is convenient to supply the corresponding calibration data to interested user via NIRS network. The present status of all activities, preformed in this context during the last three years, will be presented in detail.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.115-121
• /
• 2003

전통적인 향기치료제로 쓰여 온 회향, 유향 그리고 노간주를 사용하여 최근 신기술로 평가되고 있는 초임계 유체추출법을 통해 생체 조절기능을 지닌 기능성 정유 성분을 추출하였다. 기존의 SDE 추출법과 비교하여 추출수율 측면에서 비교적 높은 결과를 얻어내어 정유 추출시 장차 SDE 추출법을 대체할 신기술로 평가되었다. 추출용매를 사용해야 하는 SDE 추출법과는 달리 무색, 무취인 $CO_2$를 이용하여 정유 성분을 분리하는 초임계 추출법은 인체에 무해한 정유 성분을 얻을 수 있다는 것이 가장 큰 장점이라 사료되며, 분리된 정유 물질에 대해 성분 분석 결과 대부분이 휘발성 알코올 계열에 물질임을 확인할 수 있었다. 정유 성분들에 대한 생리활성 실험결과 항암, 항 돌연변이 그리고 신경활성이 아주 높은 것으로 나타나 aroma-theraphy로서의 가능성을 제시하였다고 사료된다. 나아가 이 정유성분에 대한 in vivo 실험을 통해 기초 의약품으로서 연구가 수행되어진다면 전통적인 치료제로서 사용된 천연물에 대한 현대적 가치부여가 가능하다고 생각된다.