Research in Plant Disease (식물병연구)

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
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Alternaria Spots in Tomato Leaves Differently Delayed by Four Plant Essential Oil Vapours

  • Hong, Jeum Kyu (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Jo, Yeon Sook (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Ryoo, Dong Hyun (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Jung, Ji Hwan (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Kwon, Hyun Ji (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Lee, Young Hee (Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech)) ;
  • Chang, Seog Won (Department of Golf Course Management, Korea Golf University) ;
  • Park, Chang-Jin (Deparment of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong Univerity)
  • Received : 2018.10.31
  • Accepted : 2018.11.14
  • Published : 2018.12.31
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Abstract

Alternaria leaf spot disease has been a concern during a tomato production in greenhouse. In vitro antifungal activities of vapours of four plant essential oils, cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil and thyme oil, were investigated during in vitro conidial germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata causing the tomato leaf spots to find eco-friendly alternatives for chemical fungicides. The four plant essential oils showed different antifungal activities against in vitro conidial germination of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, and cinnamon oil vapour was most effective to suppress the conidial germination. The four plant essential oils showed similar antifungal activities against the in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, but low doses of thyme oil vapour slightly increased in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata. Necrotic lesions on the A. alternata-inoculated tomato leaves were reduced differently depending on kinds and concentrations of plant essential oils. Delayed conidial germination and germ-tube elongation of A. alternata were found on the tomato leaves treated with cinnamon oil and origanum oil vapours at 6 hpi. These results suggest that volatiles from cinnamon oil and origanum oil can be provided as alternatives to manage Alternaria leaf spot during the tomato production eco-friendly.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Conidial germination of Alternaria alternata inhibited by volatiles of four different plant essential oils, cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil and thyme oil. Germinated conidia of A. alternata on the glass slides by treatment with different doses (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 μl/disc) of each volatile essential oil were observed under a light microscope. Relative conidial germination (%) affected by different doses of each essential oil was shown as percentage of the conidial germination. Error bars represent the standard errors of the mean conidial germination of four independent experimental replications. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by least significant difference test. The same letter above bars represented no significant difference between treatments.

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Fig. 2. Mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata inhibited by volatiles of four different plant essential oils, cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil and thyme oil. (A) Colony formation of A. alternata on PDA media by vapour treatment with different doses (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 μl/ disc) of each essential oil. Photos were taken at 5 days after the fungal incubation. (B) Relative mycelial growth inhibited by different doses of each essential oil shown as percentage of the fungal colonies on PDA. Error bars represent the standard errors of the mean mycelial growth of four independent experimental replications. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by least significant difference test. The same letter above bars represented no significant difference between treatments.

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Fig. 3. Disease control of tomato Alternaria leaf spot by treatments with the four different plant essential oils. (A) Symptom development on the Alternaria alternata-inoculated tomato leaves at 5 dpi. (B) Lesion diameters (mm) of the inoculated tomato leaves at 5 dpi after treatment with plant essential oils. Error bars represent the standard errors of the mean lesion diameter of four independent experimental replications. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by least significant difference test. The same letter above bars represented no significant difference between treatments.

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Fig. 4. Development of Alternaria alternata on the detached tomato leaves in the presence of plant essential oils. Conidial suspensions (2× 105 conidia/ml) of A. alternata were drop-inoculated on the detached tomato leaves with or without plant essential oil vapour treatment (1 μl/disc). (A) Conidial germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata on the leaf tissue observed at 6 hpi under a light microscope after fungal staining with lactophenol-trypan blue. Size bar=50 μm. (B) Conidial germination and germ-tube elongation of A. alternata on the tomato leaves at 6 hpi. Error bars represent the standard errors of the means of four independent experimental replications. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by least significant difference test. The same letter above bars represented no significant difference between treatments.

Table 1. In vitro antifungal activities against Alternaria alternata and disease reduction efficacies of plant essential oils

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Table 2. Concentration of plant essential oil volatiles s used in this study for in vitro antifungal activities and in planta crop protection

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