• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 1997

Fashion store patronage behavior includes, in broad, choosing of a store and strong preference of a certain store called store-royalty. Thus, in order to achieve successful business in sales, a retailer must continually analyze why target consumers choose particular stores and patronize them. This study identified the relevant factors of the patronage behavior of female college students residing in Seoul. Thus, this study can achieve its goal of enabling retailers to predict use information sources used by the target consumers, so that help retailer to establish new positions of their shops to differentiate them from others and, also, to reposition existing stores. The aims of this study were to classify information sources used by female college students and identify the relationships between them and fashion store patronage behavior. Relationship between the factors of information sources and patronage behavior were identified by use of Tukey's test, Duncan test and ANOVA. As a result, it showed significant differences among patronage groups according to nearly every factor of information sources used by female college students. As based on the results, this study is expected to assist that retailers can establish effective sale strategies in order to make continuously consumers' patronage behavior of a store.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identity the relationship of clothing involvement, consumer characteristics, and clothing buying behavior of college female students in China. A questionnaire was developed to measure clothing involvement, materialism, conspicuous consumption, reference group influence, clothing purchasing modes, fashion information sources. The questionnaire was administered to 390 college female students in Dandong of china. The data were analyzed using percentage, frequency, factor analysis, and t-test. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Subjects were divided into low clothing involved and high clothing involved groups according to the level of clothing involvement. 2. Three dimensions of materialism were derived by factor analysis such as Happiness-pursuing, Life-centered, and Sucess-symbolic. And three dimensions of conspicuous consumption and reference group influence were derived by factor analysis such as luxury oriented, Status symbolic, Brand-name oriented, and Comparative, Informational, Normative exactly. Clothing purchasing motives and fashion information sources were factor analysed as Social and Individual mole, and Printed & Electric-wave media, Marketer managed, Personal exactly. 3. There were significant differences between high involved and low involved consumers in consumer characteristics and clothing purchasing behavior. The high involved consumers showed more importance than low involved consumers about materialism especially in Happiness-pursuing about conspicuous consumption in status symbolic and about influence of reference group in comparative. The high involved consumers put more importance than low involved consumer individual motive as clothing purchasing motive, and marketer managed in clothing fashion information. The high invoked consumers showed more importance than low invoked consumers about evaluating attributes of product, and about store patronage criterion.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.363-372
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of female drivers, study their characteristics and needs, and create automobile designs in accordance with the study. The power of female consumers is greatly increasing in a modern society, To the extent that women became the core consumers. Companies are now turning their attention to female consumers in order to survive the fierce competition in the saturated markets. Moreover, it is becoming imperative for companies to actively develop products and services in female perspectives to meet the diversified needs of consumers. It is forecasted that vigorous research, analysis and understanding of the unique culture of women will be increasingly important now that women are emerging as core consumers. Only the companies that makes such efforts consistently can dominate the market. The automobile industry is not an exception. The world's major automobile companies including Volvo and Ford Motor Co. are keenly focusing on automobile exterior and interior designs for women. Korean companies are also designing cars that cater to women, starting with Lanos and Juliet of Daewoo Motors in 1998, yet specific and systematic research on the subject has not been made. This study aims to emphasize the power of female users, make a research and analysis on their needs and characteristics, and suggest car interior designs that cater to them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.902-912
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• 2010

This study compares and contrasts the consumer decision-making styles (CDMS) of South Korean and American Generation Y females. A total of 117 American female and 206 Korean female consumers completed self-report survey questionnaires to assess their consumer decision making styles. Exploratory principal components factor analysis using varimax rotation was used to categorize the items into an underlying set of American and Korean decision-making characteristics. Two-tailed independent t-tests were conducted to examine the differences between the two groups when items appeared to have common factors. Factor analysis identified five common factors between the two samples (i.e., enjoyment, shopping aversion, price consciousness, brand consciousness, and quality consciousness). The t-test results report significant differences in the items reported in each factor between American and Korean females. Some of the factors are more indicative of American female Generation Y consumers than Korean female Generation Y consumers. For example, the American female sample seemed to enjoy shopping and prefer brand names more than the female Korean sample. Koreans females seem to have a higher aversion to shopping than Americans; in addition, Koreans females seem to be more accepting of discount and outlet stores, will wait until the price is low before buying a product, and prefer sales when shopping. Based on the findings, the instrument identified varying CDMS between the two samples used. Previous studies using the Sproles and Kendall (1986) instrument experienced the same issue (Bakewell & Mitchell, 2004, 2006; Bauer et al., 2006; Durvasula et al., 1996; Fan & Xiao, 1998; Hanzaee & Aghasibeig, 2008; Mitchell & Walsh, 2004; Siu et al., 2001; Walsh et al., 2001). The results support the idea that no single instrument can be used to examine CDMS in different cultures. This suggests that each country has a CDMS with internal characteristics. Limitations and research for future studies are also discusse.

• Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

■ Both countries’ samples rated the self-directed values more important. ■ Among female consumers in China, clothing is regarded as asymbolic medium to demonstrate one’s social status/image, while in Korea, clothing is more an important medium to fulfill one’s desire for change, newness or emotional expression. ■ Korean female consumers seem more demanding (product quality ＆ emotional satisfaction). ■ Experiential needs were a strong, more universally common motivator for apparel purchase. (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.57-64
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare clothing attitudes and the criteria for clothing selection between Korean and Korean-Chinese college female students in the Yanbian region of China. The subjects were selected as follows: 404 Korean female college students in the Choongchung area and 242 Korean-Chinese female college students in the Yanbian region of China. Questionnaires were used to collect the data and the data was analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, and t-test. The major results of this study were as follows: The clothing attitudes of the total respondents were classified into 5 factors: the fashion involving factor, the modesty involving factor, the economy conscious factor, the brand-name oriented factor, and the practical user factor. The modesty involving factor, the economy conscious factor, the brand-name oriented factor, and the practical user factor were significantly different between Korean and Korean-Chinese college female students. Korean consumers thought highly of the economy conscious factor and the practical user factor compared with Korean-Chinese college female students. However, Korean-Chinese college female students thought highly of the brand-name oriented factor and the modesty factor compared with Korean consumers.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2008

Female college consumers are orientated toward vanity and fashion luxury products in consumer society. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship of vanity type and attitude toward fashion luxury products. The data were collected from 517 female college students in Ulsan, Pusan, and Kimhai. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and MCA were used. Results of cluster analysis identified the vanity type of the female college students into non-vanity group, positive viewer, and vanity group. Above two third of the total sample were the vanity group and the positive viewer. The non-vanity group, was comprised the smallest proportion of female college students. Attitude toward fashion luxury products was classified into four factors; involvement for fashion luxury, superiority of the fashion luxury, hedonic and conspicious consumption, and negative response. The attitude toward fashion luxury products was significantly different across the 3 vanity type. The results of this study provide insights into female college consumers' increasing demands toward fashion luxury brands. Consumer education should be implemented for the vanity group, and personal financial management education program is needed in liberal arts curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1034-1045
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to group female consumer types according to cosmetics benefits sought at online and off-line cosmetic shopping malls, and to investigate the differences in consumer values, cosmetic purchase behaviors, and demographic variables according to the consumer types. Subjects were 451 females residing in Seoul, of whom 212 were online shoppers and 239 were off-line shoppers. Five dimensions of cosmetics benefits sought were derived by factor analysis. These were functionality, economy, brand, fashion, and practicality. The female consumers were classified into four benefits sought types by cluster analysis of the five dimensions: T.1 'practicality sought type', T.2 'economy sought type', T.3 'brand function sought type', and T.4 'economic function sought type'. Economy sought consumers purchased cosmetics much more from online shopping malls than from off-line. The cosmetics expenses of practicality sought online consumers were low and many of them were in their 20's and middle-class. Economy sought online consumers preferred domestic brand, their cosmetics expenses were low, and many of them were career women. Practicality sought off-line consumers were high in independent value. Economy sought off-line consumers were low in independent value and social approval value, preferred domestic brand, and distributed more in college students than in career women. Brand function sought off-line consumers purchased cosmetics at department store and regarded social approval value as important. Economic function sought off-line consumers were distributed in middle-class and in diverse age range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.41-57
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• 2009

Evaluations of fashion products are often influenced by consumers' knowledge of the country where the products were made in. As globalization progresses, country-of-origin information is widely regarded as a powerful cue on consumers' shopping behavior. The purpose of study was to examine the consumer evaluation of apparel products with uni-national or bi-national country of origin. The effect of price level and gender were also investigated. The empirical research design took 2${\times}$2 factorial design with the country-of-origin coincidence (uni-national vs. bi-national) and price (high vs. low) of gender (male vs. female). Consumers' ethnocentrism and country-of-origin interest were taken into account as covariates in the factorial design. The consumers' evaluation of fashion products was measured in terms of brand attitudes and product attitudes. Data from 514 respondents were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results of this study affirmed the importance of price information rather than country-of-origin coincidence in brand attitudes and product attitudes. Only for male consumers, interaction effects of price and country-of-origin coincidence had significant eflects on utilitarian attitude. Effects of two covariate variables included in the study were significant for female respondents but not for male respondents.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.83-96
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• 2004

This study was attempted to examine female consumers' cosmetics purchasing behavior of subdivided groups according to cosmetics shopping orientation in cosmetics purchasing and to suggest basic information applicable to marketing. The sample was taken from 698 women who were aged twenties through thirties living in Korea. A total of 400 questionnaires were used in the final statistical analysis using factor analysis, reliability test, ANOVA , Duncan test, and χ²-test. The results of this study were as follows: First, The dimensions of cosmetics shopping orientation were composed of hedonic shopping orientation and utilitarian shopping orientation. Second, Evaluative criteria of internet shopping mall were composed of price and promotion, convenient shopping, reputation. Third, three groups were classified after group analysis of two factors in female consumers' cosmetics shopping orientation: consumers with high hedonic shopping orientation(46.5％), consumers with low hedonic and low utilitarian shopping orientation(29.0％), consumers with high utilitarian shopping orientation(24.5％). Additionally differences of the three groups were examined according to evaluative criteria of internet shopping mall, purchase intention and demographic variables.