• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4245-4248
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• 2012

Background: Women make up half of the world's population, and comprise 20% of the world's one billion smokers. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of smoking among female medical students in comparison to female non-medical students, and to assess the importance of medical education and knowledge in decreasing the prevalence of smoking among female university students in Saudi Arabia. Method: We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect cross-sectional data from a randomly selected sample of 320 female students attending King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah. Medical students comprised 50% of the sample. Results: A total of 310 students (96.9%) completed and returned the questionnaire. The prevalence of smoking was higher in non-medical female students (4.2%) compared to medical female students (0.32%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking is low among female medical students compared to female non-medical students, presumably because of their awareness, level of education, and knowledge of the risks to health associated with smoking. Our study highlights the need for increased knowledge, health education, and awareness of the risks of smoking to reduce smoking among female university students.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was attempted to find out female smoking behavior and the smoking related factors. Method: Study subjects were 226 female smokers who have visited temporary clinic or smoking cessation clinic run by 10 public health centers in Incheon. The data were collected through the questionnaire specially designed for this study from April 1 to June 30, 2008. The data were analyzed by the SPSS 12.0 program. Result: 68.0% of feale smokers have smoked habitually. The average daily smoking amount of the subjects was $12.0{\pm}8.7$ ea, average rate of nicotine dependence was $4.2{\pm}2.2$ points, the mean smoking duration was $12.7{\pm}9.3$ years, and the smoking start age was $23.1{\pm}8.5$ year old. The smoking behavior by the drinking frequency showed significant difference in average daily smoking amount and rate of nicotine dependence(p<.05). Also the smoking behavior by exercise showed significant difference in current smoking frequency(p<.05). There was positive relation between female smoking behavior and monthly income, frequency of drinking, exercise, and stress respectively(p<.05, p<.01). Conclusion: Compared to a male smoker, the average daily smoking amount of a female smoker was less and the duration of smoking was longer. This study suggests that not only a social movement about a female smoking cessation is imperative but also smoking cessation programs should be combined with reduced drinking consumption, exercise and stress relief programs. Moreover, early intervention for preventing teenager smoking should be added to smoking cessation programs.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.29-45
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• 2006

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the attitude toward smoking and knowledge on smoking, self-efficacy, and self-esteem among high school students, and examine the moderate effects of gender on the differences in those variables between smoking and non-smoking students. As the result of investigation, it would suggest useful information for those who want to provide interventions of smoking prevention and smoking cessation to adolescents. Methods: Participants were 1,117 high school students (511 males, 584 females), whose mean age was 16.38 (SD=.87). To identify whether participants were smoking or not, bogus-pipeline was used. The data was collected with questionnaire include Smoking Attitude Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. A Pearson chi-square test and 2-way MANOVAs were performed with SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Results: With bogus-pipeline, one hundred thirty five (26.0%) of male students and 125(21.4%) of female students reported as they were smoking, while 115(22.2%) of male students and 78(13.3%) of female students reported as they were smoking at unidentified survey which was performed one week before bogus-pipeline. Results revealed that students who smoked had more positive attitude toward smoking and more knowledge on smoking than those who didn't smoke. Difference in knowledge on smoking between smoking and non-smoking students only existed in female students. Female students who smoked had lower self-esteem than female students who didn't smoke, but this difference didn't exist in male students. Conclusion: With the results of this study, it is considered smoking rates of adolescents surveyed with unidentified self-report questionnaires as underestimated. Health practitioners might consider female smokers' attitude toward and knowledge on smoking and self-esteem, especially for high school students. Despite of limitation of this study, it might help those who want to prevent initiation of smoking and give up smoking in adolescence.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.352-361
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing smoking cessation in female workers. Methods: This study was secondary analysis based on the data from the Community Health Survey, 2014 with the subjects of 2,007 female workers. The data were analyzed using $x^2$ test and multiple logistic regression. Results: 29.2% of female workers had the intention to quit smoking. The subjects with office jobs showed higher smoking cessation intention than non-office jobs. Smoking cessation intention was influenced by the amount of smoking per day, previous attempts to quit smoking, sleeping time, the presence of chronic disease, the presence of depressive symptoms, weight control behavior and subjective body images. Conclusion: These findings show that tailored interventions should be provided depending on the types of occupations in order to increase smoking cessation in female workers. In addition, smoking cessation programs need to consider not only the smoking related factors but also physical and psychological health including chronic disease, weight, and depression.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2009

이 연구는 여대생의 흡연에 대한 흡연위험지각도를 파악하여 여대생의 금연교육의 기초자료로 활용하고자 경기도에 소재한 S대학 여학생 231명을 대상으로 2009년 5월 18일부터 25일까지 자기기입식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구도구는 일반적 특성 18문항, 흡연위험지각도 8문항으로 구성하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 프로그램을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째. 여대생들의 흡연위험지각도에 대한 결과는 5점 만점 중 전체 평균이 4.32점으로, 흡연위험지각도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째. 가정 경제수준별로는 경제수준이 낮은 여대생일수록 흡연위험지각도가 높았으며, 경제수준에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였다(F=7.14, p<.01). 세째. 본인의 흡연 여부별로는 비흡연 여대생이 흡연 여대생보다 흡연위험지각도가 높았으며, 흡연 여부에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였다(t=-2.43, p<.05). 네째. 흡연하는 친구 수별로는 흡연하는 친구가 1명 있는 여대생이 흡연위험지각도가 가장 높았고, 3명 이상 있는 여대생은 흡연위험지각도가 낮았으며, 흡연하는 친구 수에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였다(F=3.14, p<.05). 다섯째. 학교생활 만족도에 따른 흡연위험지각도는 '불만족하다'는 여대생이 흡연위험지각도가 가장 높았고, 만족, 보통 수준으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로도 유의미한 차이를 보였다(F=4.81 p<.01). 따라서 이 연구를 바탕으로 여대생들에게 금연의 중요성과 금연교육에 적극 참여할 수 있는 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effect of family environment on smoking behavior, smoking knowledge and smoking attitude in primary school students. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire-based examination was made with 1,476 sixth-grade students in Taegu from November 1st to 30th, 1998. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Out of 22 points for smoking knowledge, the male student group got 12.9 points, and the female student group 13.0 points. For both groups, students with better school achievement showed a significantly higher score (p<0.01). For the female student group, those who had nonsmoking fathers showed a significantly higher score(p<0.05). A perfect score for smoking attitude was 20 points. The male student group received 14.9 points and the female student group 16.3. For both groups, the score appeared to be significantly higher in the students who had better school achievement and no smoking experience. For the female group, the score was higher if they were living with widowed mothers or had nonsmoking parents. The percentage of smoking experience was 22.0% for the male group and 4.7% for the female group. The present smoking percentage of both groups accounted for 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively. The percentage of the male group's smoking experience was significantly higher if school achievement was poor, if the mother has religious, and if her occupation belonged to significantly different category. For the female group, it was significantly higher if a mother's educational background was less than the primary school level, or if a mother smokes. Family adaptability and cohesion were not significant variables for both groups. The score for smoking knowledge according to family cohesion was highest if male and female members were in an enmeshed state. For the female group, the higher the family adaptability, the significantly higher the score for smoking knowledge. The score for smoking attitude according to family cohesion showed a significant difference for both groups. The family adaptability was not a significant variable for both groups. The results of multiple regression analysis, with the scores for smoking knowledge and smoking attitude were used as a dependent variable, revealed that, for both groups, the better the school achievement. For the female group, the higher the family cohesion, the significantly higher the score(p<0.01). For the male group, the score for smoking attitude was significant1y higher if school achievement was better, if students were living with a widowed mother or father, if they had drinking mothers, if family adaptability was low, if family cohesion was high, or if the score for smoking knowledge was high. For the female group, the score for smoking attitude was higher if school achievement was better. Also, if famale student had nonsmoking fathers, if the family adaptability was lower, on the higher the score for smoking knowledge, a smoking attitude scored higher. The results of a multiple logistic analysis, with smoking experience as a dependent variable, revealed that, for the male student group, the worse the school achievement, the higher the score for smoking knowledge, the lower the score for smoking attitude, or the lower the family adaptability, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. For the female student group, the higher the score for smoking knowledge or the lower the score for smoking attitude, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. In conclusion, family environment, including smoking of parents and family functions, had a great effect on smoking knowledge, smoking attitude and smoking experience of students, and it is required to adjust subjects and methods for smoking and nonsmoking education as smoking attitude and smoking behavior greatly differ according to sex.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.608-616
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage on female college students' quitting of smoking. Methods: Forty-eight female college students were assigned to a smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage or a control group. The treatment group was taught to conduct a self hand massage with aroma essence oil. Lavender extra, Camomile roman and Bergamotte aroma essence oil were used for massage. The results of this study showed that the smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage resulted in significant effects on the number of cigarettes smoked per day, anxiety, smoking cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: The findings presented above suggest that the smoking cessation program applying aromatherapy massage may be an effective intervention for female college students attempting to quit smoking to alleviate smoking-related anxiety and to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, smoking cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.13-34
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• 2002

This study examined smoking behavior of Korean female college students by applying the Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, and tried to uncover the factors influencing smoking behavior. The main findings are as follows: First, the attitude toward smoking behavior and the perceived behavioral control were statistically significant in predicting smoking intention. The smoking intention was also significant in predicting smoking behavior. Thus, in order to promote to stop smoking, smoking prevention education emphasizing to reduce smoking intention, to lower the positive attitude toward smoking behavior and to enhance the capacity for perceived behavioral control seems to be helpful. Second, the smoking intention influenced significantly over the smoking behavior in all situations. But the influences of the attitude toward smoking behavior, the subjective norms, and the perceived behavioral control over the smoking intention varied from not significant in one situation to significant in the other situation. Thus, different prevention programs according to the characteristics of individuals need to be developed. Third, in a path analysis, the grade and the degree of satisfaction with college life had the indirect influence, and the growth place had the direct influence over the attitude toward smoking behavior and smoking intention. Thus the smoking prevention program focusing on the students who are the first grade, less satisfied with college life, and growing up in small cities should be developed.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose was to test the effects of self-hand massage with aroma oil on daily cigarette use, smoking craving, and depression of female high school student smokers who are attempting to quit smoking. Method: A convenience sampling of a non-equivalent control group time series was used. Female high school student smokers were assigned either to smoking cessation lecture only or to an intervention that involved a smoking cessation lecture and self -hand massage with aroma oil for 4 weeks. Lavender, Peppermint, and Bergamotte essence oils were used for massage. Result: There was a significant change in daily cigarette use and depression between the groups at three different times. Conclusion: It is promising that self-hand massage with aroma oil can be an effective adjunctive to decrease daily cigarette use and depression of female high school student smokers who are attempting to quit smoking.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

Objectives: We surveyed the prevalence of smoking among the adolescent population and analysed the correlation of the two exposure biomarkers-concentration of blood cadmium and urinary cotinine-to the smoking status. Methods: Subjects were 193 middle and high school students in Chungnam province. Blood cadmium and urinary cotinine were compared by sex and smoking status. Smoking status were classified by either the concentration of urinary cotinine or subjective answering as a smoker in the questionnaire. Results: Smoking prevalence was 24.6%, 36.2% and 6.7% among all subjects, male and female subjects, respectively. Average smoking amount was 17.5 and 1.5 cigarettes per month among the male subjects and female subjects, respectively. Mean concentration of urinary cotinine among the male subjects was $135.57{\mu}g/{\ell}$, and that of female subjects was $116.59{\mu}g/$. Direct smokers showed higher concentration of urinary cotinine than those of indirect smokers, and subjects with higher urinary concentration showed higher prevalence of smoking, too. Mean concentration of blood cadmium was $0.0572{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the male subjects, and $0.0693{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the female subjects. Among the male subjects, both exposure biomarkers showed significant correlation to the smoking status, but among the female subjects urinary cotinine did not show significant correlation to the smoking status. Conclusion: Concentrations of these two biomarkers suggested that this population had significantly high evironmental tobacco smoking(ETS) and efficient stop-smoking programs to reduce ETS should be directed to this population.