• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.552-558
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine effects of the supplementation of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture in extruded pellets (EP) on the growth, body composition, blood chemistry and immune response of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four hundred eighty individuals averaging 16.1 g were randomly distributed into 12, 180 L flow-through tanks (forty fish per tank). Four concentrations of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture (KL) were prepared: Control (0%), 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%. Three concentrations (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%) of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were each diluted to 10% of EP weight and then fully absorbed by EP for 10 minutes. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, the plasma lysozyme and bacterial activities of fish were determined. In addition, the cumulative mortality of fish was monitored for 8 days after their artificial infection with Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by dietary supplementation with KL. None of the proximate composition, plasma parameters, lysozyme or bactericidal activities of fish was affected by dietary supplementation with KL. However, the cumulative mortalities of fish fed EP containing 0.1% and 0.5% Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were relatively low compared to that of fish fed the control diet. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with KL did not effectively improve growth, feed utilization, body composition, plasma chemistry, lysozyme, bactericidal activities or immune response of olive flounder after E. tarda infection under these experimental conditions.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.7.1-7.8
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• 2020

Background: To minimize the use of antibiotics and to obtain a more sustainable fish culture and aquaculture industry, development of alternative natural source of immunostimulant to replace antibiotic in aquafeed is highly needed. Objective: Dietary inclusion effect of yacon (YC), ginger (GG), and blueberry (BB) on growth, body composition, and disease resistance of black rockfish against Vibrio anguillarum was compared to ethoxyquin (EQ). Methods: Four hundred eighty juvenile (an initial weight of 4.2 g) fish were randomly distributed into 12 of 50 L flowthrough tanks (forty fish per tank). Four experimental diets were prepared; the control (Con) diet with 0.01% EQ inclusion, and YC, GG, and BB diets at 1% each additive inclusion. Each additive was included into the experimental diets at the expense of wheat flour. Each diet was assigned to triplicate tanks of fish and hand-fed to satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. At the end of 8-week feeding trial, 20 fish from each tank fish were artificially infected by intraperitoneal injection with 0.1 mL of culture suspension of pathogenic V. anguillarum containing 3.3 × 10⁶ cfu/mL respectively. Fish were monitored for the following 8 days after V. anguillarum infection and dead fish were removed every 6 h for the first 4 days and 12 h for the rest of the study. Results: Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed the YC diet was higher than those of fish fed all other diets. However, feed consumption, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention was not affected by dietary additive. Moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid content of the whole body of fish were affected by dietary additive. Analysis of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that survival of fish fed the YC, BB, and GG diets was higher than the Con diet. Conclusion: Oral administration of YC can improve not only weight gain, SGR, and FER of black rockfish, but lower mortality of rockfish at occurrence of V. anguillarum.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2007

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the experimental extruded pellet (EP), commercial EP and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth of growing flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In experiment 1, two replicate groups of the fish (average body weight of $115{\pm}3.2\;g$) were fed one of five experimental diets (EP1-EP5) and MP in circular concrete tanks (4.6 m $\phi$, 0.6 m depth) for 78 days. In experiment 2, in order to evaluate EP in the commercial scale ($8\;m\;{\times}\;8\;m$), flounder (average body weight of $137{\pm}11.4\;g$) were fed one of five EPs (EP1-EP5) used in experiment 1, commercial EP (EP6) and two MEPs (MEP4 and MEP6) as moist pellet types which were made from EP4 and EP6, respectively, by being sprayed with a mixture of water and additives for 80 days. In experiment 1, weight gain of fish fed the all EPs was not significantly different from that of MP. Feed efficiency of fish fed the EP4 was highest, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP4 and EP5 was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MP (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture and crude lipid in the muscle, and moisture in the liver of fish (P<0.05). In experiment 2, weight gain of fish fed the EP4 and MEP4 were highest and feed efficiency showed high tendency in EP4, MEP4 and MEP6. Fish fed the MEP6 showed higher weight gain and feed efficiency compared to those of fish fed the EP6, but there was no difference in those of fish fed EP4 and MEP4. Based on the results of this study, dietary formulations used in EPs could be most recommendable applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for flounder grown from 114 g to 350 g.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate optimum dietary protein and lipid levels in diets for parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Three groups of 25 fish averaging 7.0g were fed each of the experimental diets containing 30, 40, 50 or 60% crude protein (CP) with 8 or 16% crude lipid level ($4{\times}2$factorial desing) for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with dietary protein level up to 50% CP when diets contained 16% lipid level, and increased with dietary protein level up 60% CP when diets contained 8% lipid level (P<0.05). The broken-like model showed that an optimum dietary protein level was 46% when the diet contained 16% dietary lipid. Fish fed diets containing 16% lipid level showed significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than did fish fed diets containing 8% lipid level when diets contained 40 or 50% dietary protein (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effects of vitamin C and E to moist pellet on growth and body composition in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four groups of diet made : moist pellet (MP) diet group was used as the control group where the ratio of raw feed and commercial compound meal is 5:5 $(CP\;30\%,\;CL\;17\%),$ vitamin C added group (VC), vitamin I added group (VE) and vitamin C and I added group (VCE). The supplementary amount of vitamin C and E corresponded to 1000 mg/kg (dry wt.) and 220mg/kg (dry wt.), respectively. Vitamin C was destroyed $50\%$ and vitamin E was destroyed $20\%$ for manufacturing process. After 8 weeks feeding trial, weight gain was $121.9\%$ in MP group, while it ranged from 180.5 to $184.9\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group. Feed efficiency was $71.\6%$ in MP group, whereas it ranged from 78.7 to $80.6\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed vitamin supplemented diets were significantly higher than control group and no significant difference among the vitamin added groups was observed (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and visceraweight index (VWI) of body composition. Hemoglobin (Hb) was $3.79\%$ in MP group, whereas $4.99\%$ in VC group, $4.55\%$ in VE group and $5.07\%$ in VCE group; Hb was significantly higher in the vitamin added groups than the control group (p<0.05). Vitamin C retention in liver was 18.1, 20.7, 46.6, 54.0 mg/kg in MP, VE, VC and VCE groups, respectively. Vitamin E retention in liver was 25.9, 53.8, 88.2, 124.5 mg/kg in MP, VC, VE and VCE groups, respectively. These results indicate that supplementation of vitamin C and E to moist pellet diet significantly improved growth and feed efficiency of olive flounder, and the mixed addition of vitamin C (1,000 mg/kg dry wt.) and vitamin E (220 mg/kg dry wt.) did not lead to the synergy effect.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.24.1-24.6
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• 2016

We determined the optimum dietary protein level in juvenile barred knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus in cages. Five semi-purified isocaloric diets were formulated with white fish meal and casein-based diets to contain 35, 40, 45, 50, and 60 % crude protein (CP). Fish with an initial body weight of $7.1{\pm}0.06g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were randomly distributed into 15 net cages (each size: $60cm{\times}40cm{\times}90cm$, $W{\times}L{\times}H$) as groups of 20 fish in triplicates. The fish were fed at apparent satiation level twice a day. After 8 weeks of feeding, the weight gain (WG) of fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40 % CP diets. However, there were no significant differences in WG among fish fed 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Generally, feed efficiency (FE) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend as WG. However, the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to dietary protein levels. Energy retention efficiency increased with the increase of dietary protein levels by protein sparing from non-protein energy sources. Blood hematocrit content was not affected by dietary protein levels. However, a significantly lower amount of hemoglobin was found in fish fed 35 % CP than in fish fed 40, 45, 50, and 60 % CP diets. Fish fed 60 % CP showed the lowest survival rate than the fish fed 35, 40, 45, and 50 % CP diets. Broken-line analysis of WG showed the optimum dietary protein level was 45.2 % with 18.8 kJ/g diet for juvenile barred knifejaw. This study has potential implication for the successful cage culture of barred knifejaw.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of dietary fish meal by frozen whole krill (FWK) and/or krill meal (KM) on growth performance and body composition of juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. The basal experimental diet (ED) contained 58.4% fish meal (FM) as a control, the other five EDs were formulated with the protein replacement ratio of fish meal by as 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%, respectively (FWKM0, FWK10, FWK20, FWK20KM10, FWK20KM20 and FWK20KM20HP). Each diet was fed to juvenile rockfish initially weighing 3.09±0.02 g/fish in a flow-through system. The control ED containing 58.4% FM and 10% FWK diet showed significantly higher weight gain and feed efficiency than all the other EDs containing 20, 30, and 40% FWK and/or KM. But the survivals, whole-body moistures, crude proteins and lipids of black rockfish fed all EDs were similar in all EDs. The only whole-body ashes of juvenile black rockfish were significantly differentiated by feeding the various EDs containing different levels of FWK and/or KM with a protein and lipid levels adjustment. These results suggest that dietary frozen whole Antarctic krill and/or krill meal inclusions could not improve the growth but change the whole-body ashes in juvenile black rockfish. Therefore, this study further indicates that dietary more than 20% of FWK and/or KM supplementation could not be a potential source of animal protein to replace fishmeal in juvenile black rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1996

The dietary Root Powder Mixture of Angelicae gigantis Radix and Bupleurum falcatum Linne (RPM of AGR & BFL) was feded for 6 weeks to added 0. 0, 0. 4, 1. 0, 2. 0% respectively in the broiler diets. The ,RPM of AGR & BFL was found to be palatable as birds consumed moreyof the test diets than the control diet. The BW gain of 1. 0% RPM of AGR & BFL group was higher than the control group. Feed efficiency (F/G) was improved significantly (P by feeding of 1. 0% RPM of AGR & BFL diet. The carcass weight was improved by feeding with 1. 0% added diet and the carcass ratio was increased in added diets. The amounts of chest meat and drumsticks were heaver in 0. 4% added deit than control. There was no consistent trend in various organ weight by the addition of RPM of AGR & BFL. Fat accumulation of abdominal and gizzard surrounding was highly measured in the broiler fed 0. 4% RPM of AGR & BFL diet. Total serum protein, cholesterol and triglyceride contents were tended to increased with 2. 0% RPM of AGR & BFL ration, and in the 1. 0% addled diet to enhenced BW gain total serum protein, cholesterol and triglyceride concentration were analyzed the lowest among treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.952-960
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Four, 4-yr old rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and CC+rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was level of cottonseed meal (CM); 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (490 g CP/kg). Buffaloes received urea-treated rice straw ad libitum and supplemented with 5 g concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, nutrient intake, digested nutrients, nutrient digestibility, ammonia nitrogen concentration, fungi and bacterial populations, or microbial protein synthesis (p>0.05). Ruminal pH at 6 h after feeding and the population of protozoa at 4 h after feeding were higher when buffalo were fed with CC than in the CR3:1 treatment (p<0.05). Buffalo fed with HCM had a lower roughage intake, nutrient intake, population of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria and microbial nitrogen supply than the LCM fed group (p<0.05). However, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia concentration, population of protozoa and fungi, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by cottonseed meal levels (p>0.05). Based on this experiment, concentrate with a low level of cottonseed meal could be fed with cassava chips as an energy source in swamp buffalo receiving rice straw.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1463-1468
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effects of feeding diets containing bioorganic power (BP) flour, wheat flour and rice flour on blood glucose and lipid level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BP flour was composed with the mixture of defatted flour (16 g soybean, 12 g wheat, 8 g barley), 2 g red ginseng and 2 g whole wheat flour per 100 g diet. Experimental groups were divided into non-diabetic normal and 4 diabetic groups containing control, 40% BP, 41.6% wheat and 41.6% rice flours with basal diet. BP group was significantly increased body weight gain and decreased plasma glucose compared with the diabetic control, wheat and rice flour groups (p<0.05). Food efficiency ratio of diabetic rats were significantly lower than that of the normal rats. The concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma and atherogenic index were significantly decreased in BP, wheat and rice diabetic groups than diabetic control (p<0.05). The concentration of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver was significantly lower in BP group as compared with the diabetic control, wheat and rice flour groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that BP flour feeding improved plasma glucose level, total cholesterol and triglyceride in diabetic rats.