• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary pigment sources on the performance, color and antioxidant properties in broiler chick. Experimental diet was formulated to have isocalories and isonitrogen during the experiment period. Total xanthophylls content in the experimental diet was formulated to have 30ppm. Experimental trials were done for five weeks with six treatment groups; T1 (Control), T2 (Olo Glo, natural yellow pigment), T3 (Kern Glo, natural red pigment), T4 (canthaxanthin, synthetic red pigment), T5 (asthaxanthine, natural red pigment), and T6 (seaweed by-products). Body weight gain and feed intake were significantly lower (p＜0.05) in T6 group than in other treatments. Mortality was lower in T2, T3 and T4 than in control, but higher (p＜0.05) in T5 and T6. The sources of pigments did not have any effects on the dressed carcass and abdominal fat pad (p＞0.05). The gizzard weight was significantly lower in T6 (p＜0.05) than in others. Pigmentation of leg skin was significantly lower (p＜0.05) in control and T6. Effects of dietary pigments was greater with red pigments than with yellow pigments, and those were also greater with natural pigments than with synthetic ones. The peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and pH values of chicken meat were increased (p＜0.05) in all treatments at 12 day storage, and was higher (p＜0.05) in pigments supplementation group. No differences of CIE L$\^$*/(lightness) and b$\^$*/(yellowness) were not found by storage days and xanthophylls sources. The a$\^$*/(redness) after 12 day storage was significantly (p＜0.05) decreased in all treatments, but those of T4 and T5 were higher than those of others. These results showed that feeding of xanthophylls sources to chick could improve color intensity and inhibit lipid oxidation of leg meat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of wilting and additives on fermetation characteristics, quality and aerobic stability of silage of rye(Seca1e cereale L.) harvested at the early heading stage. Harvested rye was wilted or mixed with beet pulp and then treated with formic acid or lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculant. Treatments were consisted of direct cut(DC), wilted(WT), beet pulp added(BP), direct cut and formate applied(DF), wilted and formate applied(WF), beet pulp and formate applied(BF), direct cut and LAB inoculated(DL), beet pulp added and LAB inoculated(BL), and wilted and LAB inoculated(WL) silages. Afler 70 days of ensiling period, the silages were opened and exposed to air for 7 days, and the silages of opening day(0 day) were compared with the silages exposed to air for 7 days(7 day). 1. LAB inoculated rye silages(DL, WL, BL) lowered pH values effectively eom the third day of ensiling and showed most stable pattern of pH changes during the initial fermentation process. Direct cut and formate applied(DF), beet pulp and formate applied(BF) and beet pulp added(BP) silages were also effective in lowering pH from the seventh day thai direct cut treatment(DC). 2. pH was low below 3.7 in all treatments of 0 day. After 7-day period of aerobic exposure, DL and WL showed considerable increases in pH from 3.5 and 3.4 to 8.3 and 6.4, respectively. 3. Direct cut rye silages(DF, DC, DL) and beet pulp and formate treatment(BF) produced effluent of 121.2, 85.9, 80.3 and 34.2 mlkg, respectively and these were greater than others(P<0.01). Beet pulp retained 1.61 I/kg of effluent at the application rate of 50 kg/t in comparing BP with DC, and formate application increased the amount of effluent in comparing DF and BF with DC and BP, respectively(P<0.01). 4. Beet pulp and LAB treatment(B1) was highest in content of lactate as 3.1% and formate treated silages(DF, WF, BF) showed lower content of lactate and total acid than others. LAB inoculated(D1, WL, BL) and wilted (WT) silages were graded to be good quality as a second group by the Flieg's score. Formate applied silages (DF, WF, BF) were graded as a foum group lower than DC by one. 5. Residual content of WSC of rye silage was higher in BP, BF, DL and BL than direct cut treatment(M3) (P< 0.01). Formate application had a tendency to increase the content of residual content of WSC. 6. For the ratio of NH3-N to Total N, wilted and LAB inoculated(W1) and direct cut and LAB inoculated(D1) silages were lowest on 0 day as 8.9 and 9.3% respectively. But after 7-day period of aerobic exposure, WL and DL showed largest increase of the ratio of $NH_3-N$ to Total N from 0 day(P<0.01). 7. On 0 day wilted(WT), beet pulp and formate treatment(BF), and beet pulp and LAB treatment(B1) were lower than direct cut treatment(DC) for NDF and ADF concentrations consistently. Formate applied silages (DF, WF, BF) made little change in ADF and NDF concentrations during 7 day period of aerobic exposure. DL and WL showed a large increase in ADF and NDF concentrations under aerobic condition(P<0.01). 8. IVDMD values of wilted(WT), beet pulp added(BP), wilted and LAB inoculated(W1) and beet pulp added and LAB inoculated(B1) silages were higher than direct-cut treatmentPC) as 84.7, 84.7, 84.4 and 83.0%, respectively on 0 day. But during 7-day period of aerobic exposure, a great decreae in IVDMD of WL was showed(P<0.01). The experimental results indicate that wilted silage(WT) could be recommended as the most effective treatment for reducing efluent and increasing quality and feed value of rye silage without deteriorating aerobic stability more than direct cut treatment(DC). Additionally, under unfavorable weather condition beet pulp added and LAB inoculated treatment(T3L) might be the possible alternative for successful ensiling of forage rye.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate yield and forage quality of domestic silage corn hybrids at different planting dates. Days to silking of Suwon169 and P3394 were 62 days, respectively, the shortest among corn hybrids and Gangdaok was the longest. Cheonganok was more resistant to lodging than other hybrids. Kwangpyeongok and Gangdaok were more excellent to stay-green than other hybrids. Ear ratios to total dry matter of other domestic hybrids except Gangdaok were similar with those of DK697 and P3394. Ear ratios to total dry matter were similar in planting dates, May 3 and May 21 with 46% and 45% but June 11, low with 41%. Fresh yield of Gangdaok was the highest of all hybrids and other hybrids except Gangdaok were similar. Dry matter (DM) yields of domestic hybrids except Cheonganok were similar to those of DK697 and P3394. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of domestic hybrids were no significant difference compared with those of DK697 and P3394. Fresh yield, DM yield and TDN yield of all hybrids were similar in planting dates, May 3 and May 21 but those of all hybrids were reduced in planting date, June 11 compared with May 3 and May 21. All hybrids were no significant difference in acid detergent fiber (ADF) which had values ranging from $44.2{\sim}46.2%$. All hybrids were no significant difference in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) which had values ranging from $58.1{\sim}59.9%$. There were no significant differences in ADF and NDF according to planting dates. Relative feed value (RFV) of P3394 was the lowest of all hybrids. Other hybrids except P3394 had values ranging from $84.1{\sim}85.0$ and was no significant difference in RFV. It is concluded that domestic hybrids tested in this study have high forage quality as well as high production similar to those of imported corn hybrids.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to offer basic information for the promotion of the goat industry and the improvement of mountainous-pasture management by investigating seasonal changes in forage and livestock productivity according to the grazing-pasture type. The forage productivity of rangeland was the highest (p < 0.05) in summer and decreased in autumn; but that of pasture was the largest (p < 0.05) in spring and had relatively stable productivity with minor seasonal differences, although it decreased slightly in autumn. The dry matter content was not seasonally different at pasture, but it was changeable from spring to autumn at rangeland. The crude protein content increased in autumn at pasture (p < 0.05), and decreased in summer and autumn compared with spring at rangeland. The crude fiber content was lower and the ether extract was higher at pasture compared with rangeland. The average daily gain of the goats was different depending on forage productivity and pasture type; consequently, the lowered forage productivity at rangeland compared with pasture means that rangeland needs to be changed or improved to a pasture type that provides a more effective grazing system for goats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to compare the carcass yields and meat characteristics of three types of commercial male chicks White mini broilers, Ross broilers and Hy-Line brown chicks under the identical feeding condition. One-hundred 1-d chicks of each type were randomly placed into four pens per group (25 chicks per pen) and fed corn-soybean meal based commercial diets for 35d, 18d or 49d, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were sacrificed and subjected to carcass measurements. The dressing percentages of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. The rate of breast meat of Hy-Line brown cockerels was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of White mini broilers and Ross broilers. However, Hy-Line brown cockerels showed higher (P<0.05) leg meats than the others. There were no significant differences in serum total cholesterol and the activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase among the groups. The breast meats of White mini broilers presented highest lightness value. The yellowness of breast and redness of leg meats of White mini broilers and Ross broilers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of Hy-Line brown cockerels. There were no significant differences in the SOD-like activity and change of pH in edible meats among the groups. The meat color in White mini broilers was significantly higher than that of Hy-Line brown cockerels. No significant differences were observed in term of flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. In conclusion, the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of edible meats were not greatly affected by genotype if they were similar body weights and kept under the identical feeding condition. But the Hy-Line brown cockerels were less desirable as a meat-type strain due to lower carcass yields and inferior growth and feed conversion ratio.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1998

Algal meal (cell) was produced from the solution of dairy cow wastes by fermentation of ulothrix. sp. and chlorella sp. Raw wastes mainly feces were diluted with ground water to give dry matter concentration of 0.5 w/v of wastes in 20 l amounts of ten plastic containers. Each containers were covered with plastic nets and vinyl films to protect from the insects and rain. Algea cells were harvested every 3 to 5 days and dried by sunlight and artifitial heat. Dried cells were ground by a feed meal, and analyzed and tested for the chemical composition of dry cell, in vitro DM and protein digestibility and the safty of algae. Protein contents in algae meals, ulothrix (29.37%) and chlorella (29.24%) were similar. However, chlorella contained lower Neutral detergent fiber (5.92%) than ulothrix(20,76%), and higher ash (32.86%) and calcium (12.62%) than ulothrix (28.66% and 6.09%) (P<.01). Ulothrix protein had higher for essential amino acids; valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, than chlorella (P<.05). Algal fats contained high saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, for ulothrix and high unsaturated fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, for chlorella (P<.01). In vitro digestibility of. ulothrix tended to be higher for DM, but lower for protein than chlorella. The weight gain and survival percentage were higher for pond fishes (loaches, Misgurnus sp. ) fed diet added chlorella meal than diets added ulothrix meal and control diet (P<.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out in order to examine the winterhardiness, heading date, fresh and dry matter yeild of Festulolium braunii, a hybrid of Festuca pratensis and Lolium multiflum, which is newly introduced in Korea. This experiment was performed at National Livestock Research Institute in Suwon and Namwon from September 2004 to July 2005. The results are as follows. 'Fleurial', 'Boxer', and 'Perun' showed stronger winterhardiness than 'Hwasan 101', which is one of the strongest in the winterhardiness hybrids. Therefore, we do not see there is any problem in winterhardiness when these hybrids are cultivated in Korea. The hybrids are turned out to be mid and late maturing hybrid. The average heading dates of the three hybrids were May 25 in Namwon and May 27 in Suwon. These dates are lower($1{\sim}3$ days) than that of Hwasan 101. They showed $91{\sim}96cm$ in leaf length at 1st cutting times which are comparatively long. This experiment also disclosed that their lodging and regrowth are strong and excellent. We also found out that there are significant difference between regions and hybrids in the total fresh yield per ha. The average fresh yield of Suwon was 83,222 kg/ha and that of Namwon was 69,139 kg/ha. We could not see any difference in the dry matter yield affected by region, however, there were significant difference in hybrids(p<0.05). The crude protein contents of the three hybrids indicated very high figures. the crude protein cotents of Perun, Fleurial and Boxer are 18.0% 17.4% and 16.7% respectively. However the ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) shows $28.1{\sim}29.2%$ which is less contents than 33.2% of Hwasan 101. We found out from this experiment that these three hybrids have excellent feed quality because the NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) is decreased by $7{\sim}3.8%$ comparing that the NDF of Hwasan 101 is 58.3%. Also each hybrids contains more crude fat by 1%, a little more chemical composition and less ash contents. Thus we can tern that chemical composition contents of these hybrids are also fittable.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2009

A 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Kugija (Lycium chinense) on the growth and immunological response in juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Six experimental diets were supplemented with Kugija at 0, 0.1, 0.5 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0% ($K_0,\;K_{0.1},\;Ko_{0.5},\;K_{1.0},\;K_{3.0},\;K_{5.0}$) on a dry-matter basis. After 2 weeks, triplicate groups of 30 fish initially averaging 3.36$\pm$0.2 g (mean$\pm$SD) were randomly distributed into the aquarium and were fed one of the experimental diets for 8 weeks. By the end of the 8-week feeding trial, fish fed the $K_{0.5}$ and $K_{1.0}$ diets exhibited a higher weight gain and specific growth rate than fish fed $K_0$ and $K_{0.1}$ diets (P<0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed the $K_{0.5}$ diet showed significant higher value than that of fish fed the $K_0$, $K_{3.0}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets (P<0.05). Hepatosomatic index of fish fed the $K_{0.5}$ diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the $K_{0.1}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets (P<0.05). Hematocrit of fish fed the $K_{0.5},\;K_{1.0}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the $K_0$ diet (P<0.05). Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of fish fed the $K_{0.5},\;K_{1.0},\;K_{3.0}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets was significantly lower than in fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity of fish fed the $K_{3.0}$ diet was significantly lower than those of fish fed the $K_0$ and $K_{0.1}$ diets (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the activity of the transaminase in fish fed the $K_{0.5}\;K_{1.0},\;K_{3.0}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed the $K_{0.5}$ and $K_{1.0}$ diets was significantly higher than that in fish fed the $K_0$ and $K_{0.1}$ diets (P<0.05). Respiratory burst activity of fish fed the $K_{3.0}$ diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the $K_0$ and $K_{0.1}$ diets (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in respiratory burst activity of fish fed the $K_{0.5}\;K_{1.0},\;K_{3.0}$ and $K_{5.0}$ diets. Fish fed Kugija showed lower early mortality than fish fed a Kugija-free diet upon challenge with Vibrio ordalii. The results suggest that feeding of Kugija (Lycium chinense) enhances growth, non-specific immunity and disease resistance in juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.126-138
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• 1985

A study was made on the effect of anti-nutritional factors found in some Korean beans : soybean, red bead, mung bean and kidney bean. Two animal experiments were conducted to investigate the nutritional value of the beans. The first experiment, in which the diet contained 15% protein from raw beans, compared the intensity of inhibition caused by methionine deficiency or a total amino acid deficiency. In the second experiment, the conditions were the same as in experiment I, except that heated beans were substituted for raw beans. Severe growth inhibition and high mortality was found in the raw kidney bean and red bean groups than in the soybean and mung bean groups. As no effect on the growth inhibition of raw bean groups was shown by methionine and protein supplementation, the inhibition could be ascribed mainly to the low feed intake and the low protein digestibility caused by toxic factors. Pancreatic enlargement was obserbed in all the raw bean groups. A increase in body weight, a decrease in mortality and a decrease in the weight pancreases were found in the heated bean groups. But the digestility of the diet and of the protein and the PER by heating did not increase as markedly as weight, except in the heated red bean groups. Even with heat treatment, the whole inhibitory action could not be eliminated.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

Fresh dairy cow manure was mixed with dried sawdust at the following moisture contents and manure: sawdust ratios: 50% and 57:43 ($\underline{M50}$), 55% and 64:36 ($\underline{M55}$), 60% and 70:30 ($\underline{M60}$), 65% and 76:24 ($\underline{M65}$), 70% and 83:17 ($\underline{M70}$) 75% and 90:10($\underline{M75}$) and 80% and 96:04($\underline{M80}$). The mixtures were fermented by a fungal mycelium of Fomitella flaxinea for 2wk at 29 C to recycle cow manure along with sawdust and fungal mycelium as a ruminant feedstuff. Chemical composition and in vitro rumen dry matter digestibilities of fermented mixtures were compared with unfermented mixture. The crude protein contents of mixtures were not changed by fermentation with fungal mycelium. Neutral detergent fiber contents of 4WK fermented mixtures (90.6, 85.3, 80.4, and 76.4% for $\underline{M50}$, $\underline{M60}$, $\underline{M70}$ and $\underline{M80}$, respectively were lower (P<0.05) than those of unfermented mixtures (91.1, 89.9, 84.3, and 79.4%). However, acid detergent fiber contents of fermented mixtures (73.8, 68.9, 65.3, and 58.0%) were higher (P<0.05) than those unfermented mixtures (70.2, 67.8, 61.7, and 56.3%). In vitro rumen dry matter digestibilities of fermented mixtures for four weeks(49.4, 36.8, 28.6, and 22.3% for $\underline{M50}$, $\underline{M60}$, $\underline{M70}$ and $\underline{M80}$) were higher than those of unfermented mixtures(34.1, 27.5, 20.6, and 15.4%) (P<0.05).