• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to examine the time use on weekdays and weekends by the time amount of each activities and compare time amounts of single parent with that of two parents family. So two methods were applied, one was secondary data analysis ,the other was deep-interview. The major findings of analysis of time use were as follows; 1) Mothers in single parent family used significantly less time amount of household labor and family care than them in two parent family 2) Fathers in single parent family used significantly more time amount of household labor but used significantly less time amounts of family care than them in two parent family And 3) Mothers in single parent family used significantly more time amounts of household labor and family care than fathers in single parent family. The results of deep-interview were as follows; roughly the amounts of household labor time, family care time, leisure time were of little quantity and absence of spouse, family size, family life cycle stage, economic condition, sex role identity, psychological factor maybe seemed important.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-81
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the policy demands of the family sector for work-family balance, with a focus on the child care and household labor provisions. For empirical analysis, data were collected from 197 dual-income families with at least one young child under age 10 in the metropolitan area via self-administered questionnaires. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, child care provisions for working mothers and fathers were insufficient and unfair, and the ratio of child care provisions offered by familial child care network was high. The characteristics of child care provisions for working parents were associated with family structure, working conditions, and demographic variables. Second, household labor provisions for working mothers and fathers were also insufficient and unfair, and the ratio of socialization was high. Third, the level of family satisfaction varied by the level of child care and household labor provisions, respectively, controlling family structure, working conditions, and demographic variables. The empirical results of the study provided policy implications for work-family balance.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 1999

This paper focuses on the concept of :"politicization of household labor" to the resolution of houework-related problems which are the products of household work and the women's status. the major discussions of this framework can be summarized as follows: First the policy problems of household labor is that the segregation of market labor and household labor public and private sphere and sex-role affects value of household labor and status of women. Second policy proposals on household labor is related to specific existing policy(family policy women's policy). Third Policy purposes are family welfare and women welfare a symmetry of family and work. Thus policy needs takes concrete shape and policy indicator of evaluing and and policy indicator of supporting. Ultimately it is direct to evaluate the quality of family living.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

This study forecasts the outlook 10 years from now regarding domestic labor and caregiving by the Baby Boomer generation and the preparations needed in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The scenario-planning method was used to explore changing trends in domestic labor and caregiving, the rationale for which has been questioned by both seniors and family welfare experts. Based on the results of the survey and our researchers' opinions, it was concluded that the changing trends were caused by two factors: the probability of alterations in domestic labor and the strength of family relationships. On the basis of these conclusions, four scenarios regarding baby boomers' domestic labor and caregiving in 10 years were proposed using two axes: the "high and low probability of alterations" and the "strengthening and weakening of family relationships." The first scenario is a "preference for the self-caring form of family," which has a high probability of domestic labor alterations and weak family relationships. The second scenario is a "preference for the flexible form of family," which has a high probability of domestic labor alterations and strong family relationships. The third scenario is a "preference for the traditional form of family," which has a low probability of domestic labor alterations and strong family relationships. The fourth scenario is a "preference for the public caregiving form of family," which has a low probability of domestic labor alterations and weak family relationships. These results provide basic information about the various aspects of baby boomers' lives-including the development of various goods and services, the establishment of policies regarding seniors, and programs for successful aging-and can help equip our society to take the actions needed for a super-aged population.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.117-136
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of the division of household labor on the marital satisfaction of husbands and wives in dual-earner families. Data were collected from 193 couples in dual-earner families; the questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from the literature review. The questionnaire consisted of inquiries concerning gender role attitudes, marital communication efficiency, division of household labor, satisfaction in the division of household labor, and marital satisfaction. Each of these categories had an individual measurement scale that enabled measurement of its impact on marital satisfaction. The major findings of this study are as follows: The couples in dual-earner families showed egalitarian gender role attitudes and high levels of marital communication efficiency. They also reported high levels of satisfaction with their division of household labor and their marital lives. Wives in dual-earner families had more egalitarian gender role attitudes compared with their husbands, and husbands perceived themselves to be investing more time in performing household chores (that is, in the division of household labor) than was perceived by their wives. Husbands were also more satisfied with the division of household labor and marital life compared to their wives. Finally, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that satisfaction in the division of household labor and in marital communication efficiency (as perceived by the couples) significantly predicted husbands' marital satisfaction. On the other hand, wives' age, marital communication efficiency, and the differences in the division of household labor (as perceived by the couples) significantly predicted wives' marital satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2008

China's agriculture is changing now, especially in terms of cash farming. Orange farming is one of the main cash crops. This study is to identify the labor utilization of orange farming of farm households in China. The Results are as follows. First, farm size increasing is an essential measure to save labor. Big farm requires less than 20% of labor inputs than that of average size farm. Second, in the aspect of the employment labor, while male labor accounted for the 5% of total labor, female employment labor took up much more, which amounts to almost half of family labor. Third, the average wage of men is almost twice as much as that of women's wage, and it is sharply increasing. Fourth, Chinese farm households put more labor input than Korean farm households in orange production, which is due to the substitution of capital for labor.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the nature of domestic labor in relation to the capitalist economic system. In this study I adopted the reproduction of labor for the analytical term. Also I owed theoretical basis to the political economy to analyze the relation between domestic labor and capitalist economy. The family is a very important place which functions to maintain and change both the present and future labor what is called the reproduction of labor power. It also has a close relationship with the total society. The reproduction of labor power is divided by 'gender division of labor' which allocates the responsibility to one gender(women) and exempts it to another gender(men). In conclusion the domestic labor is the very basis of capitalist economy and it is also the preliminary condition to its system. SO we can fully understand the capitalist economy with the 'visible' labor part and the 'invisible' domestic labor part inc usively. And we can also understand the interrelationship between family and labor market which constitutes one economic system and fuctions in it.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2000

Everyone lives in a home. We pursue happiness and the meaning of life through home life or family life. Home life, therefore, has an important meaning in the whole life, But home life can be sustained only through housework and wage labor. All human activities can be divided into two kinds of activities. The one has intrinsic value, the other has extrinsic value. Housework belongs to the activity with intrinsic value, but wage labor belongs to the activity with extrinsic value. In view of home life, housework has primary meaning, and wage labor has subsidiary meaning. In other words, wage labor is only means of home life. We mush not forget that important fact. But we cannot help thinking that nowadays people consider wage labor itself as an aim of life. It is said that we are achieving self-actualization through wage labor, but it is not ture. To tell the truth, most of us are experiencing self-alienation in job. We must recover the legitimate relation between housework and wage labor. Wage labor is means of home life, therefore it is on the extension line of housework. If we achieve happiness through home life, we must recognize that wage labor is only means of home life, not an end in itself.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.65-83
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of variables related to family and employment on work-family negative spillover. The subjects of this study were 570 dual-earner with children. The research tool was questionnaires. For data analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach ${\alpha}$, and multiple regression were performed. The main results of this study were as following. First, among variables related to family, spouse support, parental satisfaction, marital satisfaction, perceived fairness in the division of household labor, daily housework hour and family strengths had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in wives, and weekends housework hour, perceived fairness in the division of household labor, perception of the gender role, and satisfaction of the division in household labor had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in husband. Second, among variables related to family, parental satisfaction, number of children influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover in wives, and spouse support, parental satisfaction, satisfaction of the division in household labor, marital satisfaction, and perception of the gender role had an influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover in husband. Third, among variables related to employment, support from workplace, weekly working hour, monthly income, and job satisfaction had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in wives, and support from workplace, monthly income, household income, and weekly working hour had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in husband. Forth, among variables related to employment, support from workplace in wives, and job satisfaction in husband had an influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover. To conclude, there was some difference in the variables influencing $work{\rightarrow}family$, $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover between wife and husband. So, We have to take this difference into consideration in establishing work-family life balance policies.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.329-340
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to identify internal marketing activity, emotional labor and work-family conflict that influence turn-over in hospital nurses. Methods: Participants were 513 nurses from 2 general hospitals in Chung-nam and Gyeonggi Provinces, South Korea. Data were collected from September 1 to 30, 2011 using self-report questionnaires. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify association between variables. Results: The mean score for internal marketing activity was $94.7{\pm}14.7$, emotional labor, $31.4{\pm}5.5$, work-family conflict, $19.6{\pm}4.1$, and turn-over, $13.7{\pm}3.4$. After adjusting for general characteristics, stepwise multiple regression showed that work-family conflict (${\beta}=.20$, p<.001), marketing activity (${\beta}=-.21$, p<.001), and emotional labor (${\beta}=.22$, p<.001) were associated with turn-over. These predictors accounted for 33% of variance in turn-over. Conclusion: The results of this study show that work-family conflict was the most influential predictor indicating a need for the development of strategies to reduce work-family conflict and emotional labor. At the same time internal marketing activity should be supported in the hospital by analyzing the needs for nurses. Also career development programs and mentor systems will be useful for effective manpower management and quality improvement of nursing services.