• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.184-190
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• 2017

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that take significant roles in extracellular matrix degradation and therefore linked to several complications such as metastasis of cancer progression, oxidative stress, and hepatic fibrosis. Hizikia fusiformis, a brown algae, was reported to possess bioactivities, including but not limited to, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory partly due to bioactive polysaccharide contents. In this study, the potential of H. fusiformis against cancer cell invasion was evaluated through the MMP inhibitory effect in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. H. fusiformis crude extract was fractionated with organic solvents, $H_2O$, n-BuOH, 85% aqueous MeOH, and n-hexane (n-Hex). The non-toxicity of the fractions was confirmed by MTT assay. All fractions inhibited the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 according to the gelatin zymography assay. Cell migration was also significantly inhibited by the n-Hex fraction. In addition, both gene and protein expressions of MMP-2 and -9, and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs) were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The fractions suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 while elevating the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, with the $H_2O$ fraction being the least effective while n-Hex fraction the most. Collectively, the n-Hex fraction from brown algae H. fusiformis could be a potential inhibitor of MMPs, suggesting the presence of various derivatives of polysaccharides in high amounts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1250-1257
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• 2005

Two groups of exopolysaccharides (designated as Fr-I EPS and Fr-II EPS) were isolated from the culture filtrate of new fungal strain Trichoderma erinaceum DG-312 by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. The structures of the exopolysaccharides were investigated using gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, GCMS analysis, and NMR. GC analysis indicated that Fr-I EPS was composed of mainly mannose ($78.9\%$) and galactose ($21.1\%$), whereas Fr-II EPS contained mannose ($68.4\%$), galactose ($26.2\%$), and glucose ($5.4\%$). In the anomeric region ($950-700cm_{-1}$) of the FT-IR spectrum, both EPSs exhibited obvious characteristic absorption of $810\;cm_{-1}$, indicating the existence of mannose. The spectra of $\alpha-and\;\beta$-configurations were assigned at 880 and $914\;cm_{-1}$, respectively. The results of GC-MS analyses confirmed that both EPSs were complex heteropolysaccharides with a ($1{\rightarrow}3$)-linked mannan backbone. The C-1 region that appeared in the $^{13}C-NMR$ spectra of these EPSs indicated a typical anomeric carbon signal. The Fr-I EPS showed two anomeric carbon signals at 102.6 and 99.6 ppm, whereas the Fr-II EPS displayed four anomeric carbon signals at 102.5, 99.6, 98.5, and 94.3 ppm. The molecular characteristics of the EPSs were further investigated using a size exclusion chromatography/multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC/MALLS) system. The SEC/MALLS system revealed that the average molar masses of the EPSs were $6.592{\times}10^{4}$ (Fr-I EPS) and $1.920{\times}10^{4}$ (Fr-II EPS) g/mol, and the molecular conformation of both EPSs in aqueous solution was random coils.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.408-414
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• 2013

In order to obtain functional materials from aloe callus, we cultured Aloe vera L. leaf on MS medium added 0.2 mg/L IAA, 0.3 mg/L kinetin and 100 mg/L grape or/and apple juice for 30 days. While a callus differentiation during callus culture did not show, the cultured leaves were uniquely released extracellular material into the agar plate. After cultivation for 18 days, the cultured leaf and agar were harvested for extraction a functional material. The materials extracted were measured on the amount of total phenols, flavonoids and polysaccharides and determined on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In result, callus extracts of additive free (CT) and added apple juice (2T) had more amount of phenol compound ($659{\mu}g/mL$, $533{\mu}g/mL$) and flavonoid ($580{\mu}g/mL$, $501{\mu}g/mL$) than natural leaf (p: $525{\mu}g/mL$, f: $301{\mu}g/mL$). However, the extract of natural leaf had the better effect of lipid peroxidation and polysaccharide content than the culture extract. All samples extracted had same effect on the nitrite scavenging activity. On the other hand, only 2T extract showed excellent 72% nitric oxide scavenging activity. The agar extract was also confirmed to contain polyphenol compound and polysaccharide content that had antioxidant and antimicrobial activity partly.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.164-171
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• 1993

Methylomonas mucosa를 이용하여 세포외 다당류의 생산을 알아보았다. 본 미생물은 성장을 위해 메탄올을 탄소원으로 이용하여 세포외 다당류를 생산한다. 효과적인 발효 공정 시스템의 개발올 위해 회 분식, 유가식, 연속식 배양을 수행하여 각각의 당류 에 대한 생산성을 알아보았다. 플라스크 배양에서 메탄올이 약 1 % (v/v) 이상에서 다당류의 생산과 세포의 성장은 저해되었다. 1% (v/v)에서 최대 비성장속도를 나타내었고 C/N 비율이 높을수록 다당류의 생산은 많았다. 다당류의 생산에 $Mg^{2+}$ 이온 농도가 크게 영향을 줌을 확인할 수있었다. 유가식 배양에서는 다당류의 농도가 회분식에 비 해 4배 이상 높았으나 수율은 오히려 감소하였다. 연속주입을 통한 유가식 배양은 간헐적 주업방법보다 생산성이 높았다. 이는 간헐적 주입에서 나타날 수 있는 메탄올에 의한 제한이나 저해가 없었기 때 문으로 보여진다. 연속조엽은 산소 제한을 피하기 위해 순수산소를 공급하였다. 희석률이 O.21h-1까지 증가하여도 수융 과 생산성은 증가하였다. 생산된 다당류 용액의 점도는 다당류의 증가에 따라 지수적으로 증가하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1985

Ganoderma lucidum (영지)의 액체 배양물로부터 전분을 강력하게 분해하는 amylase를 조정제하여 이 효소의 기본적인 성질을 조사하였다. 이 효소의 최적작용 pH와 온도는 각각 5.5, 5$0^{\circ}C$였고 pH 및 열처리에 상당히 불안정한 효소였으며 activation energy는 7.06Kcal/mole이였다. M $n^{++}$, $Ca^{++}$ 및 C $u^{++}$에 의해서 효소활성이 증가되었으나 H $g^{++}$ A $g^{+}$에 의해서 효소활성이 저해되었으며 여러 가지 chemical reagents에 의해서는 영향을 받지 않았다. Soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin 및 glycogen에 대한 Km 치는 0.16, 0.37, 0.19 및 0.16mg/$m\ell$ 였으며 각종기질에 대한 분해능력을 조사한 결과 열처리를 받은 전분류는 분해할 수 있었으나 생전분은 그 분해속도가 느렸다. Maltose에 의해서 효소활성이 저해되었으며 maltose의 저해양상은 competitive inhibition을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.680-692
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• 2010

This paper gives an overview of the availability, nutritive quality, and possible strategies to improve the utilization of rice straw as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Approximately 80% of the rice in the world is grown by small-scale farmers in developing countries, including South East Asia. The large amount of rice straw as a by-product of the rice production is mainly used as a source of feed for ruminant livestock. Rice straw is rich in polysaccharides and has a high lignin and silica content, limiting voluntary intake and reducing degradability by ruminal microorganisms. Several methods to improve the utilization of rice straw by ruminants have been investigated in the past. However, some physical treatments are not practical because of the requirement for machinery or treatments are not economical feasible for the farmers. Chemical treatments, such as NaOH, $NH_3$ or urea, currently seem to be more practical for onfarm use. Alternative treatments to improve the nutritive value of rice straw are the use of ligninolytic fungi (white-rot fungi), with their extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, or specific enzymes degrading cellulose and/or hemicellulose. The use of fungi or enzyme treatments is expected to be a more practical and environmental-friendly approach for enhancing the nutritive value of rice straw and can be costeffective in the future. Using fungi and enzymes might be combined with the more classical chemical or physical treatments. However, available data on using fungi and enzymes for improving the quality of rice straw are relatively scarce.

• 식물병연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.161-179
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• 2015

식물은 다양한 병원성 미생물에 대하여 효과적인 방어 기제를 발전시켜 왔다. 최근 유전체와 다중 오믹스 기술의 발전은 우리에게 미생물 인자에 의한 식물 면역을 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 단초를 제공해 주었다. 하지만 아직까지는 이러한 기술을 병 방제 전략에 이용한 적은 많지 않다. 그래서 본 리뷰에서 식물 면역의 기본 개념을 소개하고 최근 얻어진 결과들을 소개하였다. 덧붙여 이미 논문에서 발표된 진균, 세균, 바이러스 유래 결정인자에 의한 생물적 방제 가능한 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 특히 미생물 결정인자인 chitin, glucan, LPS/EPS, 미생물분자패턴, 항생제, 식물유사호르몬, AHLs, harpin, 비타민, 휘발성물질에 대한 결과를 자세하게 기술하였다. 이 리뷰를 통하여 많은 과학자들과 농민들이 미생물 결정인자 기반의 생물적 방제에 대한 지식이 폭넓어지고, 다양한 미생물 결정 인자가 앞으로 농업현장의 종합적인 병방제 전략의 하나로 자리매김하기를 바란다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.240-245
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• 1994

Relation the phage defense mechanism of phage resistant Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris ATCC 11602-A1 to its cell wall components was investigated. To determine whether teichoic acid which is known to be one of the phage receptor site present on the cell wall, phage adsorption was examined after treatment 5% TCA(60%$\CIRC $C) and concanavalin A to the cell wall of A1 and parent strain. However, the adsorption rate of two strains did not change. Total amount of phosphate after TCA treatment did not change in both strains, but a difference between the two strains was observed. Ribitol and glycerol, components of teichoic acid, could not be detected in the cell walls of two strains by GC analysis. These results suggest that although teichoic acid was not present in the cell walls of both strains, the composition of cell wall of two strains was not identical. Measurement of amount of protein and SDS-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis were carried out to examine the involvement of cell wall protein in phage resistance, showing that protein is nothing to do with phage adsorption of parent strain, but phage resistance of A1 is related to protein. Cell wall carbohydrates of A1 contained rhamnose, glucose, and galactose. Total amount of carbohydrate of 1% SDS-treated A1 cell wall was reduced to the level of parent strain. The results suggest that phage resistance of A1 was due to the presence of a higher level of carbohydrates then parent strain, and to interaction of carbohydrate and protein.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1174-1178
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• 2011

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are microbial polysaccharides that are released outside of the bacterial cell wall. There have been few studies on EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria that can enhance macrophage activity and the underlying signaling mechanism for cytokine expression. In the current study, EPS-overproducing Lactobacillus (L.) paracasei KB28 was isolated from kimchi and cultivated in conditioned media containing glucose, sucrose, and lactose. The whole bacterial cells were obtained with their EPS being attached, and the cytokine-inducing activities of these cells were investigated. Gas chromatography analysis showed the presence of glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose in EPS composition. EPS-producing L. paracasei KB28 induced the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12 in mouse macrophages. This strain also caused the degradation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and phosphorylation of the major MAPKs: Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. The use of pharmacological inhibitors showed that different signaling pathways were involved in the induction of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-12 by L. paracasei KB28. Our results provide information for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect of food-derived EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.89-92
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• 2011

Cyclic AMP receptor-like protein (Clp), is known to be a global transcriptional regulator for the expression of virulence factors in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Sequence analysis showed that Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) contains a gene that is strongly homologous to the Xcc clp. In order to determine the role of the Clp homolog in Xoo, a marker exchange mutant of $clp_{xoo4158}$ was generated. Virulence and virulence factors, such as the production of cellulase, xylanase, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and swarming motility were significantly decreased in the $clp_{xoo4158}$ mutant. Moreover, the mutation caused the strain to be more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and to over-produce siderophores. Complementation of the mutant restored the mutation-related phenotypes. Expression of $clp_{xoo4158}$, assessed by reverse-transcription realtime PCR and clp promoter activity, was significantly reduced in the rpfB, rpfF, rpfC, and rpfG mutants. These results suggest that the clp homolog, $clp_{xoo4158}$, is involved in the control of virulence and resistance against oxidative stress, and that expression of the gene is controlled by RpfC and RpfG through a diffusible signal factor (DSF) signal in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10859.