• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1D
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• pp.91-98
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• 2011

Recently, the usage of elastic paving using EPDM Chip instead of pedestrian sidewalk blocks or permeable concrete used mostly for pedestrian walk, trails and in parks has been increassed as it can absorb impact during walking and produce wide range of colors and designs. However, the properties of EPDM Chip including elasticity and durability are decreased when exposed to ultraviolet ray and scenic paving functions through various colors are lowered due to the yellowing phenomenon. In this study, ultraviolet ray accelerated weathering test has been conducted to analyze the color changes in EPDM Chip and polyurethane resin, which are the main ingredients of elastic paving, when exposed to ultraviolet ray. The color differences are quantitatively analyzed through the color value coordination of the colored space by using the color difference scheme. The experimental results show that the color changes in BL polyurethane resin which is used most frequently at present was larger than that of EPDM Chip. Moreover, the total color difference, ${\Delta}E$, of BC polyurethane resin are 3.162 on the $14^{th}$ day of commencement of acceleration, which is 6 times greater color change resistance against ultraviolet ray than that of BL polyurethane resin with total color difference of 20.639. Therefore, the usage of BC polyurethane resin, which is manufactured to have chain-type molecular structure by using the isocyanate as the HMDI at the time of producing polymer, as binder in elastic paving with EPDM Chip is found to be a highly efficient method of restraining the color changes due to the ultraviolet ray.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2016

We examined for differences in the growth and fertility of microscopic stages between Costaria costata and Undaria pinnatifida in crossed temperature×irradiance (12, 17, 22℃×20, 60 μmol photons m^–2s^–1) and daylength×irradiance (8, 12, 16, 24 h×20, 60 μmol photons m^–2s^–1) experimental designs. After 13 days in culture, maximum gametophyte growths of the two species were obtained under the following combinations of factors: 17℃×60 μmol photons m^–2s^–1 and 24 h daylength×60 μmol photons m^–2s^–1. C. costata gametophytes produced sporophytes about 6 days earlier than those of U. pinnatifida. Sporophyte densities were highest in the 12 h daylength×60 μmol photons m^–2s^–1 combination after 20 days in C. costata (9.7 plants mm^–2) and 26 days in U. pinnatifida (9.1 plants mm^–2). However, optimal growth conditions for the microscopic sporophytes differed between species: 17℃×60 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1 for C. costata, 12℃×60 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1 for U. pinnatifida. Thus, C. costata gametophytes grew faster and produced sporophytes earlier than those of U. pinnatifida, even though the haploid gametophytes of the two species responded similarly to environmental conditions. Optimal growth temperatures for the microscopic sporophytes also differed between species.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.50-57
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• 2009

This paper proposes a VLSI architecture of CAVLC hardware decoder which is a tool eliminating statistical redundancy in H.264/AVC video compression. The previous CAVLC hardware decoder used four stages to decode five code symbols. The previous CAVLC hardware architectures decreased decoding performance because there was an unnecessary idle cycle in between state transitions. Likewise, the computation of valid bit length includes an unnecessary idle cycle. This paper proposes hardware architecture to eliminate the idle cycle efficiently. Two methods are applied to the architecture. One is a method which eliminates an unnecessary things of buffers storing decoded codes and then makes efficient pipeline architecture. The other one is a shifter control to simplify operations and controls in the process of calculating valid bit length. The experimental result shows that the proposed architecture needs only 89 cycle in average for one macroblock decoding. This architecture improves the performance by about 29% than previous designs. The synthesis result shows that the design achieves the maximum operating frequency at 140Mhz and the hardware cost is about 11.5K under a 0.18um CMOS process. Comparing with the previous design, it can achieve low-power operation because this design is implemented with high throughputs and low gate count.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2020

A sequential design of experiments was employed to optimize MOF-235 synthesis for acetylene adsorption process. Two experimental designs were applied: a two-level factorial design for screening and a central composite design, one of response surface methodologies (RSM). In this study, 2³ factorial design of experiment was used to evaluate the effect of parameters of synthesis temperature and time, and also mixing speed on crystallinity of MOF-235. Experiments were conducted 16 times follwing MINITAB 19 design software for MOF-235 synthesis. Half-normal, pareto, residual, main and interaction effects were drawn based on the XRD results. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of test results depicts that the synthesis temperature and time have significant effects on the crystallinity of MOF-235 (response variable). After screening, a central composite design was performed to optimize the acetylene adsorption capacity of MOF-235 based on synthesis conditions. From nine runs designed by MINITAB 19, the result was calculated using the second order model equation. It was estimated that the maximum adsorption capacity (18.7 mmol/g) was observed for MOF-235 synthesized at optimum conditions of 86.3 ℃ and 28.7 h.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.847-858
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• 2015

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Korean ginseng and displayed broad-spectrum suppression of ginseng root rot pathogens. The survivability of B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 in soil was investigated under three different conditions; indoor, outdoor - of which soil was put in 14 mL tube after treatment - and field environments. Soil samples were collected over a four-week period from three experimental designs, and assessed for 16S rRNA gene copy number by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In outdoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. was 8.35 log copies g $soil^{-1}$ immediately after the GR4-5 treatment. Two weeks later, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. (6.70 log copies g $soil^{-1}$) was similar to that of the control (6.38 log copies g $soil^{-1}$). In indoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. maintained in a certain level for a longer period than those in outdoor and field. The 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. in field experiment was reduced faster than that of outdoor condition. Our results show that B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 can survive in bulk soil for 1 week, indicating its potential use as a biocontrol agent following 7 day application intervals. This study presents that outdoor microcosm system design could be a useful method to assess easily the survivability of beneficial microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.127-152
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• 2015

This study aimed to implement the enhancement program for the social work practice competency for children of community child center workers and to evaluate the program's effects. For this purpose, the program was implemented for ten community child center workers five times for five weeks(once a week, 120 minutes per session). For the quantitative evaluation, a non-equivalent control group design among quasi-experimental designs was used, and for the qualitative evaluation, the written materials related with the program were collected and analyzed. The results of the quantitative evaluation revealed that the social work practice skills and worker-client relationship empowerment of the community child center workers who participated in the competency enhancement program were significantly improved. In the qualitative evaluation, the subjective experiences were presented, including the improvement of the worker's practice competency and the worker's awareness of the changes in the child, the recognition of the strong points and the points to be improved in the program. This study is expected to raise the expertise and effectiveness of community child center workers, and ultimately, to contribute to the healthy development and the improvement of the mental health of children by improving the social work practice competency of the workers in community child centers, which comprise the representative service delivery system for children in South Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and to use this data to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs. Ten SFSM were collected from five provinces in China. Twelve barrows ($38.8{\pm}4.6kg$), fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each of six experimental periods comprised a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The ten test diets contained 50% SFSM as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. There was considerable variation (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM in chemical composition (dry matter [DM]). The concentration of CP and ether extract (EE) ranged from 29.33% to 39.09% and 0.88% to 11.33%, respectively. Crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre ranged from 21.46% to 36.42%, 38.15% to 55.40%, and 24.59% to 37.34%, respectively. There was variation among the ten SFSM in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) for lysine and threonine, which ranged from 63.16 to 79.21 and 55.19% to 72.04% for AID and 67.03% to 82.07% and 61.97% to 77.01% for SID, respectively. The variation in CP and methionine ranged from 60.13% to 74.72% and 74.79% to 88.60% for AID and 66.70% to 79.31% and 77.16% to 90.27% for SID, respectively. Methionine was a good indicator to predict AA digestibility. These results indicate that conventional chemical composition of SFSM was variable (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM (DM). The results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of SFSM in growing pigs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.6033-6038
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• 2015

Background: Experience of lung cancer includes negative impacts on both physical and psychological health. Pain is one of the negative experiences of lung cancer. Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques are often recommended as treatments for lung cancer pain. The objective of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in treating lung cancer pain. This review considered studies that included lung cancer patients who were required to 1) be at least 18 years old; 2) speak and read English or Thai; 3) have a life expectancy of at least two months; 4) experience daily cancer pain requiring an opioid medication; 5) have a positive response to opioid medication; 6) have "average or usual" pain between 4 and 7 on a scale of 0-10 for the day before the clinic visit or for a typical day; and 7) able to participate in a pain evaluation and treatment program. This review considered studies to examine interventions for use in treatment of pain in lung cancer patients, including: biofeedback, cognitive/attentional distraction, imagery, hypnosis, and meditation. Any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for pain specifically in lung cancer patients were included. In the absence of RCTs, quasi-experimental designs were reviewed for possible conclusion in a narrative summary. Outcome measures were pain intensity before and after cognitive behavioural therapy techniques. The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished literature. A three-step search was utilised by using identified keywords and text term. An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the article. A second search using all the identified keywords and index terms was then undertaken across all included databases. Thirdly, the reference list of all identified reports and articles were searched for additional studies. Searches were conducted during January 1991- March 2014 limited to English and Thai languages with no date restriction. Materials and Methods: All studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality by three reviewers using a standardized critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Three reviewers extracted data independently, using a standardized data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Ideally for quantitative data meta-analysis was to be conducted where all results were subject to double data entry. Odds ratios (for categorical data) and weighted mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals were to be calculated for analysis and heterogeneity was to be assessed using the standard Chi-square. Where statistical pooling was not possible the finding were be presented in narrative form. Results: There were no studies located that met the inclusion requirements of this review. There were also no text and opinion pieces that were specific to cognitive behavioral therapy techniques pain and lung cancer patients.Conclusions: There is currently no evidence available to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy techniques for pain in lung cancer patients.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1983

The milling process is considered as causing one of the greatest grain losses among all the processes in rice post-production. Major source of grain losses in the rice milling is considered as the whitening process. This study was attempted to develop an abrasive-type whitener, the whitening chamber of which being supplied by jet-air evenly and continuously. To investigate the milling performance by the new whitener, three kind of emery-stone grit(#36, #41, and #46), and three levels of rotational speed of emery stone roller (950, 1070, and 1200 rpm) were tested. The jet-air abrasive-type whitener was also compared with the conventional abrasive-type having no jet-air blower in terms of their milling performance. In addition, the effect of different combinations of sequential uses of the abrasive- and friction-type whiteners on the milling performance was also experimentally evaluated. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. In general, the whitening system combined with the abrasive type whitener with jet-air supply, which was newly designed, and the existing jet-air friction type whiteners produces more milled- and head-rice by about 0.3% points and 2.8% points, respectively than the system combined with the existing abrasive type without the jet-air supply under the same operational conditions. The former also consumed less electricity by 0.024 KwH per 100kg of milled rice production and gave more milling capacity by about 35 kg/hr. As compared with the conventional whitening system consisting of jet-air friction type whiteners only, the former yielded more milled- and head-rice by 1.5% points and 4.4% points, respectively. 2. The abrasive roller having 46 grit emery was better than the roller having 36 grit in aspects of milling performance and machine efficiency, in general. 3. With regard to the effect of combination method of abrasive type and friction type whiteners, one pass in abrasive type plus three passes in friction type gave better milling performance and energy efficiency than the two passes in abrasive type plus two passes in friction type regardless of the designs of the emery stone rollers. 4. The increase in rotational speed of the emery stone roller from 950 rpm to 1200 rpm presented negative effects on milled and head-rice yields and machine efficiency, but slightly positive effect on milling capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Conventional designs of landfill covers use geosynthetics such as geomembrane and GCL, and clay liners to lower the permeability of final covers of landfill sites. However, differential settlement and the variation of temperature or humidity in landfill sites cause the development of cracks or structural damage inside the final cover. This study examined the application of a Self Recovering Sustainable Liner (SRSL) as an alternative landfill final cover material. SRSL consists of double layers, which have chemicals, can generate precipitates filling the pores of the layers by chemical reaction. The interface material forms an impermeable layer and in case of internal cracks, the reactants of the two layers migrate towards the crack and heal it by forming another liner. In this study the applicability of SRSL material for landfill final cover was examined by performing flexible wall permeameter tests to prove that the hydraulic conductivity is lower than the regulations and unconfined compression tests to judge whether the strength satisfies the restriction for the landfill final cover. Furthermore, the environmental impacts on the permeability and strength were evaluated. The experimental results show that the SRSL has lower hydraulic conductivity and higher strength than the regulations and is little influenced by climatic changes such as wet/dry or freeze/thaw process.