• 운동영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2011

The effects of a high-fat diet and fasting on resting energy expenditure and energy substrate utilization were examined using the method of measuring whole body energy metabolism and oxygen uptake. Eight 4-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the high-fat diet experiment. Energy metabolism was measured using acrylic metabolic chambers over 24 hours. After 1-week of preliminary feeding, 4 rats were fed a chow diet, whereas the remaining 4 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HF) ad libitum, which contained 40% (w/w, calorie base 60%) more fat than that in the chow diet. The flow rate to measure energy metabolism inside the chamber was controlled at a mean of 3.5 L/min, and five chambers were subjected to measurement. One of the five chambers was used to correct errors by measuring the atmosphere. As a result of 5 weeks of control diet and high-fat diet feeding, body weight of the high-fat diet group tended to increase more than that in the control diet fed group, but the difference was not significant. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production changed as time went on over the 24 hr. The respiratory exchange ratio also changed during the 24 hr, and the difference between the groups was significant. The control group showed significantly more carbohydrate oxidation than that of the high-fat diet fed group. A fasting experiment was conducted using six 7-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats. Energy metabolism measurements were performed using the same method as that used in the high-fat diet experiment; resting metabolism was measured prior to fasting, and a fasting condition began from 9:00 am the next day for 3 days to calculate energy metabolism. Both body weight and 24-hour oxygen uptake decreased significantly as a result of 3-day fasting. Total oxygen uptake in the first day decreased, and declined significantly on day 3 of fasting. Total 24-hour carbon dioxide production decreased significantly over the 3 days. The mean 24-hour respiratory exchange ratio decreased significantly. Additionally, energy expenditure during the dark period (20:00-08:00), which is the active period for rats, decreased significantly with fasting, whereas energy expenditure during the light period (08:00-20:00) did not increase by fasting.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1969

To investigate the influences of physical exercises on lipid metabolism in human, serum lipids were determined in swimming, weight lifting and wrestling athletes after loading their proper exercises for certain periods of time. Atherolipid numbers were also determined in these hardly exercising athletes. Besides same time, experimental studies were carried out in rats to see the effects of high-carbohydrate, high-lipid and high-protein diets of 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks duration upon serum total cholesterol level after the physical exercises. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In studies with athletes, the serum concentration of various forms lipids and atherolipid number were increased for some periods of time by imposing physical exercises. 2. In experimental studies with rats, various dietary effect upon the serum total cholosterol level after loading physical exercises were as follow; on high-lipid diets, the serum level increased upto the 4th week and thereafter kept the same increased level until the 8th week; on high-carbohydrate diet, the level increased upto the 2nd week and extended to the 4th week with the same increased level, but somewhat decreased at the 8th week; and on the high-protein diet, the level increased upto the 2nd week, and decreased progressively from the 4th week.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2021

Atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics and have fewer side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms; therefore, prescriptions of atypical antipsychotics are increasing. However, recently, it has been reported that atypical antipsychotics have a higher incidence of diabetes, hyperglycemia, and obesity than typical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics induce obesity-inhibiting appetite-related receptors such as serotonin and dopamine. Decreased exercise due to improving psychotic symptoms, and genetic characterictics can also cause weight gain. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia were another metabolic problem related to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. The mechanisms of hyperglycemia were mainly related obesity, decreased anorexigenic hormones, and increased insulin resistance in multiple organs. There are also reports that genes related to diabetes have an effect on the incidence of diabetes mellitus treated with atypical antipsychotics. On the other hand, although it is not clear why hypoglycemia occurs, it documented in case reports all over the world. There are more reports of atypical antipsychotics than typical antipsychotics and these are frequently reported in Asians. Further research on the mechanism of hypoglycemia related to atypical antipsychotics is strongly recommended.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2023

Aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (AGC2, citrin) is a mitochondrial carrier expressed in the liver that transports aspartate from mitochondria into the cytosol in exchange for glutamate. The AGC2 is the main component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that ensures indirect transport of NADH produced in the cytosol during glycolysis, lactate oxidation to pyruvate, and ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde into mitochondria. Through MAS, AGC2 is necessary to maintain intracellular redox balance, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Through elevated cytosolic Ca²⁺ level, the AGC2 is stimulated by catecholamines and glucagon during starvation, exercise, and muscle wasting disorders. In these conditions, AGC2 increases aspartate input to the urea cycle, where aspartate is a source of one of two nitrogen atoms in the urea molecule (the other is ammonia), and a substrate for the synthesis of fumarate that is gradually converted to oxaloacetate, the starting substrate for gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, aspartate is a substrate for the synthesis of asparagine, nucleotides, and proteins. It is concluded that AGC2 plays a fundamental role in the compartmentalization of aspartate and glutamate metabolism and linkage of the reactions of MAS, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, urea cycle, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Targeting of AGC genes may represent a new therapeutic strategy to fight cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.162-171
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• 2007

Obesity is an independent risk factor fur coronary artery disease in the postmenopausal women, which may be mediated by alteration of blood lipid metabolism. We are aimed to evaluate the effects of low energy diet, restriction of high fat foods and exercise education on weight, fat mass and blood lipid profile. Fifteen postmenopausal obese women were studied. Subjects received detailed advice about how to achieve a reduction of weight by a low-energy diet (1,200kcal), restriction of high fat food and increased exercise in every 4 wks during 8 wk. To evaluate the effectiveness for education programs, dietary fat habit and daily nutrient intakes, exercise were tested before and after intervention. Anthropometry, computerized tomography, and blood lipid profile were assessed before and after intervention. According to the nutrition education, energy intake (from 1776.1 ${\pm}$ 28.2 kcal to 1268.7 ${\pm}$ 115.2 kcal, p < 0.001) and percent of energy from fat (21.9%, p < 0.01) were significantly decreased. However, the index of nutritional quality was over 1.0. On the contrary, exercise (from 341.3 ${\pm}$ 222.1 kcal to 569.4 ${\pm}$ 309.8 kcal, p < 0.05) was increased and dietary fat habit scores (from 30.8 ${\pm}$ 5.2 to 36.1 ${\pm}$ 3.0, p < 0.01) were improved. Also, body weight (4.2%, p < 0.001), BMI (4.5%, p < 0.001), body fat mass (3.4%, p < 0.05) and waist to hip ratio (1.1%, p < 0.05) were decreased. Among abdominal fat, visceral fat (26.1%, p < 0.05) and subcutaneous fat (14.8%, p < 0.01) were decreased. But there was no difference in visceral fat to subcutaneous fat ratio. We observed HDL-cholesterol increase (11.7%, p < 0.05), triglyceride reduction(14.8%, p < 0.05) and atherogenic index improvement (from 2.7 ${\pm}$ 0.7 to 2.3 ${\pm}$ 0.7, p < 0.05) However, there was no change in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. Theses results showed that low energy diet, restriction of high fat foods and exercise education could result in reduction of body weight, fat mass, visceral and subcutaneous fat, and in improvement of blood lipid profile in the postmenopausal obese women.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1078-1085
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• 2017

활성산소란 세포에 손상을 가하는 모든 종류의 변형된 산소를 의미하며, 활성산소 생성의 증가는 세포 내의 산화적 스트레스를 유발하여 심혈관 질환, 암, 당뇨, 근위축 등 각종 질병의 원인이 된다. 그러나 적정 수준의 활성산소는 세포의 성장 및 발달에 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것으로 보고되어 있으며, 골격근에서의 활성산소는 근기능과 대사에 필수적인 역할을 담당한다. 규칙적인 운동은 건강상 다양한 이점을 가져다주지만, 과도한 운동은 골격근을 비롯한 다양한 체내 조직에서 활성산소의 생성을 증가시키며, 고농도의 활성산소 생성은 세포 손상을 일으키는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 운동에 의한 활성산소의 생성 증가와 그에 따른 분자적 기전은 운동이 주는 건강상의 많은 이점들을 이해하는데 있어 중요한 기전으로 받아들여지고 있다. 최근 운동 강도나 형태에 따른 활성산소의 생성 수준과 근육 관련 유전자 발현 및 대사 관련 연구에 있어 활성산소의 역할에 관한 연구들이 활발히 이루어지고 있지만 심도 있는 기전적 연구와 이해는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 총설에서는 운동에 의한 활성산소 생성 기전과 그에 따른 역할에 대한 선행 연구들을 살펴보고, 운동에 의한 인슐린 신호체계의 활성 및 그에 따른 수명 조절에 있어 NADPH 산화효소의 역할에 대해서도 살펴보았다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.17-62
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• 1999

Recently lots of books on the process of growing have been published on adolescence and their parents hope to grow tall but yet lacked the correct knowledge. Before helping the growth of body, the best way is to do away with the check factors of the human body. Therefore oriental and occidental medicine study on the inhibition of growth and the result of case study about life therapy, kinesiatrics, including medical therapy are as follows: The habits that help the process of growing are deep sleep, balanced diets, daily physical exercise, good posture. It is essential for people to relieve stress. The physical exercises that promote the process of growing are as follows: to stretch out, daily suitable exercise which stimulates the metabolism of human body to increase levels of growth hormone and excite growth plate, to hasten the process of growing, Oriental medicine causes on the inhibition of growth show many factors: kidney trouble is the inhibited cause, spleen ailment is the acquired ground. The lack of essence of the dual principal of the negative and the positive makes people the inhibition of growth. All these things including fire and dryness have close relations.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 C2C12 근육 세포의 분화 과정에 있어 IGF-I이 지방산의 수송을 담당하는 FABPpm mRNA 및 단백질 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보았다. 그 결과 근육세포의 분화에 있어 FABPpm의 단백질과 mRNA 발현이 IGF-I에 의해 유의하게 조절되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 기존의 여러 연구의 결과인 IGF-I이 골격근에서 근육 관련 유전자들의 발현을 조절하여 근부피 유지 및 증대에 중심적인 역할 것뿐만 아니라, 지방산의 수송을 담당하는 FABPpm의 발현에도 영향을 미친다는 사실을 밝혔다는 것에 의의가 있다고 생각된다. 향후 골격근에서 IGF-I에 의한 FABPpm 발현 조절에 있어, 세포 내부에서의 신호전달 경로 및 상호작용 인자들에 관한 연구를 통해 지방 대사를 조절하는 기전에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.261-274
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• 2015

Although fasting programs have recently attracted close attention because of benefits of detoxification, few studies have examined these programs. This study investigates the effects of a modified juice-based fasting program on lipid metabolism. A total of 33 volunteers fasted for 10 days and participated in program lectures, exercise programs, water bath regimens, and enemas. Pre- and post-program blood samples were obtained to evaluate lipoprotein levels. A paired t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0. Changes in the lipid profile were observed during the juice-based fasting program and attending 3 degrees. All lipid profiles decreased significantly, including total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.001), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05). Program participation was documented by assessing attendance levels as high, moderate, and low. TC decreased significantly in all programs and levels (p<0.05), TG decreased proportionally only in enemas according to the attending degree: high (48 %), moderate (20 %), and low (10 %). HDL-C decreased at all low levels, but moderate exercise ($53.8{\pm}12.5mg/dL$ to $55.6{\pm}10.2mg/dL$) and a high enema ($54.9{\pm}14.1mg/dL$ to $55.0{\pm}9.4mg/dL$) showed small increases. The antioxidant property of the juice-based fasting program in terms of the blood vessel, enemas, and exercise played an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease from increased levels of HDL-C. These results suggest that juice-based fasting and combined lifestyle programs may help improve lipid metabolism and protect against dyslipidemia.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.55-65
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• 2002

Ginseng has been used as a key constituent in traditional medicine prescriptions for centuries. Other than its well-known anti-stress and adaptogenic properties, ginseng has also been shown to be very effective in treating age-related deterioration in metabolic and memory functions. Although it is generally believed that the saponin (GS) fraction of the ginseng root accounts for the bioactivity of ginseng, a direct demonstration on which ginsenoside does what is still generally lacking. In the past decade, our laboratory has endeavored to identify the active GS components involved in energy metabolism, memory, and anti-neurotoxicity. To examine the ergogenic effects of GS in enhancing aerobic capacity, rats were subjected to either severe cold ($40^{\circ}C$ under helium-oxygen, two hours) or exercise workload $(70\%\;VO_{2}max,$ to exhaustion). Acute systemic injection (i.p.) of ginseng GS (5-20 mg/kg) significantly elevated both the total and maximum heat production in rats and improved their cold tolerance. However, pretreating the animal with the optimal dose (10 mg/kg) of GS devoid of $Rg_1\;and\;Rb_1$ failed to elicit any beneficial effects in improving cold tolerance. This indicates that either $Rb_1\;and/or\;Rg_1$ may be essential in exemplifying the thermogenic effect of GS. Further studies showed that only pretreating the animals with $Rb_1(2.5-5\;mg/kg),\;but\;not\;Rg_l,$ resulted in an increase in thermogenesis and cold tolerance. In contrast to the acute effect of GS on cold tolerance, enhancement of exercise performance in rats was only observed after chronic treatment (4 days). Further, we were able to demonstrate that both $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ are effective in enhancing aerobic endurance by exercise. To illustrate the beneficial effects of GS in learning and memory, a passive avoidance paradigm (shock prod) was used. Our results indicated that the scopolamineinduced amnesia can be significantly reversed by chronically treating (4 days) the rats with either $Rb_1\;or\;Rg_1$ (1.25 - 2.5 mg/kg). To further examine its underlying mechanisms, the effects of various GS on ${\beta}-amyloid-modulated$ acetylcholine (ACh) release from the hippocampal slices were examined. It was found that inclusion of $Rb_1$ (0.1 ${\mu}M$), but not $Rg_1$, can attenuate ${\beta}-amyloid-suppressed$ ACh release from the hippocampal slices. Our results demonstrated that $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ are the key components involved in various beneficial effects of GS but they may elicit their effects through different mechanisms.