• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.59-71
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• 2013

Objectives The aim of this review is to figure out which acupoints are frequently used to treat low back pain and which exercises are effective to low back pain. Methods We searched the three electronic database (RISS, KISS, KTKP) and manually checked related Korean journals and reference lists up to June 2013. We investigated the frequency of acupoints for using treatment of low back pain. We Introduce exercise therapies we can do easily at home without professional skills for treatment low back pain. Results We included 72 articles in this study. The most frequently adopted acupoints were BL25, BL23, BL24, GB30, BL40, BL26, BL60, GB34, BL52, BL57, GB39. The most frequently adopted meridian pathways were BL, GB, GV, ST. The most frequently adopted disease causing low back pain were HIVD (Herniated intervertebral disc), Lumbar sprain, Spinal stenosis, Compression fracture, Cauda equina syndrome, Spondylolisthesis, Ankylosing spondylitis. There are many exercise therapies (Lumbar stabilizing exercise, Resistance exercise, Bareunmom physical exercise, Mckenzie exercise, Williams exercise, Emblass exercise, Swiss ball exercise, Thera band exercise, Yoga) for treatment low back pain. Conclusions These results suggest that most frequently adopted acupoints were foot taeyang urinary bladder channel acupoints. Beacuse foot taeyang urinary bladder channel is passes through the waist, it will be effective for treatment of low back pain. Also exercise therapy is effective for enhance Muscular strength. In order to treatment of low back pain, Acupuncture treatment is also important, as well as exercise therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.135-140
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the appropriate stimulus strength that could result in a positive effect on the ankle joint spasticity when patients with chronic stroke performed whole body vibration (WBV) exercise. Methods: Among 72 patients who were diagnosed with stroke at least 6 months ago, those able to perform a half squat pose with ambulation issues due to ankle joint spasticity (modified Ashworth scale, $MAS{\geq}2$) were included for analysis. Individuals participated in four different frequencies of vertical WBV exercise; 0 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 30 Hz. Vibration amplitude was 3-4 mm and 5 minutes WBV exercise was performed at each frequency, followed by a measurement after 2-minute rest. We assigned 18 individuals to each frequency and asked them to participate in the WBV exercise once every 3 weeks. The level of spasticity was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) for self-assessment. The myoton PRO was utilized to objectively evaluate the level of spasticity and check the muscle tone and stiffness. Results: Participants showed 0 Hz VAS was a significant difference between 20 Hz application conditions (p<0.05). Muscle tone was significantly different at 0 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05), significantly difference at 10 Hz between 30 Hz (p<0.05). Muscle stiffness significantly difference at 0 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05), significantly difference at 10 Hz between 20 Hz, and 30 Hz (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study show that the frequency of more than 20 Hz was effective in improving the ambulatory ability in patients with chronic stroke. Currently, the effective WBV protocol is limited. Hence, this study was designed to suggest an effective WBV protocol to improve neuromodulation ability for chronic stroke patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2001

Many studies have shown that the initial median frequency (MDF) and slope correlate with the muscle fiber composition. This study tested the hypothesis that the initial MDF and slope are fixed, regardless of the interval at which data are collected. MDF data using moving fast Fourier transformation of EMG signals, following local fatigue induced by isotonic exercise, were obtained. An inverse FFT was used to eliminate noise, and characteristic decreasing regression lines were obtained. The regression analysis was done in three different periods, the first one third, first half, and full period, looking at variance in the initial MDF, slope, and fatigue index. Data from surface EMG signals during fatiguing isotonic exercise of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in 20 normal subjects were collected. The loads tested were 30% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in the biceps brachii and 40% and 80% MVC in the vastus lateralis. The rate was 25 flexions per minute. There were no significant differences in the initial MDF or slope during the early or full periods of the regression, but there was a significant difference in the fatigue index. Therefore, to observe the change in the initial MDF and slope of the MDF regression line during isotonic exercise, this study suggest that only the early interval need to be observed.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, gait and physical function of patients with low back pain. Method: This study was designed one group pretest-posttest design. Tai Chi exercise was conducted by researcher and carried out for sixty minutes per one time and two times a week for six weeks. The subjects of this study consisted of 23 low back patients. Using the SPSS win 10.0 program was used for data analysis, which included frequency, percentage and paired t-test. Result: Tai Chi exercise decreased pain, improved balance and gait, increased physical function(back muscle strength, leg muscle strength and flexibility). Conclusion: The results suggested Tai Chi exercise can be effective nursing intervention to improve pain, balance, gait and physical function of patients with low back pain.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to determine the association between, smoking, exercise, sex, and dietary carotenoids ($\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, $\beta$-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopne) intake in Korean middle-aged adults. Food-frequency questionnaire were analyzed from 304 healthy adults (115 men, 189 women) aged 20 - 59. The self-administered questionnaire contained subject s habitual diet and alcohol intake were the previous 3 months. Data on frequency of 102 foods, including vegetables, fruits, beverages and legumes were analyzed. Total dietary carotenoids intake were 27.13 $\pm$ 3.09 mg/d for men and 26.71$\pm$ 2.82 mg/d for women. It was found that smoking had no significant contribution to the dietary intake of carotenoids. Among other lifestyle factors that had significant correlation was the amount of exercise time. The increases in exercise time was associated with increase in carotenoids intake (r= 0.121, p : 0.04). The major contributors of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene were carrots consumed as single-food item or carrot juice. Lutein and Zeaxanthin intake mainly came from spinach and most lycopene intake was derived from tomato products not fresh tomatoes. Persimmon was the major contributor of $\beta$-cryptoxanthin. These findings provide valuable information on understanding the unique pattern of dietary intake of Korean, which might help identify the risks for developing various diseases.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2006

The modern convenient life formed by industrial development becomes lack of exercise and takes an interest in diet. Specially, professional walking shoes is developed as people take an interest in jogging, Those shoes, professional walking shoes or Dietshoes, increase exercise effects by change of heel types. Therefore, this study investigated motility effects by EMG experiment in order to measure Muscle Activities (MA) while wearing diet shoes (backless). Experiment was conducted by EMG measurement, from calf (gastrocnemius muscle), thigh (vastus muscle) and waist (erector spinae muscle), of 12 high school students. Exercise effects between the two shoes were analyzed by EMG (MF; Median Frequency, MPF; Mean Power Frequency, ZCR; Zero Crossing Rate). Results showed that the Dietshoes(MF: 48.21Hz, MPF: 65.0Hz, ZCR: 100.6Hz) had larger EMG value than that of Normal shoes(MF: 40.47Hz, MPF: 58.04Hz, ZCR: 82.09Hz). Also, in MA, the highest activities are showed in the calf, the second one is in waist, and last one is in thigh during gate. ANOVA between shoes in measurement parts showed significant effects in MF (gastrocnemius: p-value=.022, vastus laterals: p-value=.037, erector spinae: p-value=.082), MPF (gastrocnemius: p-value=.032, vastus laterals: p-value=.046, erector spinae: p-value=.090), and ZCR (gastrocnemius: p-value=.000, vastus laterals: p-value=.004, erector spinae: p-value=.134). And MA of Dietshoes is higher than that of Normal shoes, and decreasing rate of MA in Dietshoes is less than that of Normal shoes. Thus, this study validates exercise effects of Dietshoes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.379-390
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• 2003

The daily food intake and its related factors of the elderly(aged over 60) living in Incheon were compared. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 418 elderly. Statistical data analysis was completed using a SPSS v. 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: About 70% of elderly took grains and starch foods relatively high. The daily intakes of them was significantly influenced by ages of elderly, self-perceived health status, degree of drinking, meal regularity and nutritional balance of meals. More than 80% of elderly responded to take the food group of meat, fish and eggs poorly. Among various factors, the residence type and snack intake frequency influenced the daily intake of those foods statistically. A half of elderly took the vegetables and fruits everyday more than average. The daily consumption of vegetables and fruits was significantly influenced by sex, ages, exercise, snack intake frequency and preference of spices. Most elderly consumed fewer servings of milk and dairy products. About 60% of them did not take milk and dairy products daily. The daily contribution of those foods was significantly influenced by residence and exercise. 45.5% of elderly took oils and sugars more than average everyday which was influenced significantly by residence, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. In conclusion, the important influencing factors on the daily food intakes of elderly might be related to ages, residence, family, smoking, drinking, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. Therefore, a situation-oriented and practically organized nutrition education and ingestion support programs which consider the elderlies' socioeconomic status may help to improve the daily food intake of elderly in Incheon area.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.70-83
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Twenty males performed eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) a group ($n_1$=7) that received low frequency TENS (7 Hz), 2) a group ($n_2$=7) that received high frequency TENS (500 Hz), 3) a control group ($n_3$=6) that received no treatment. DOMS was induced in a standardised fashion in the non-dominant elbow flexor of all subjects by repeated eccentric exercise. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise and again at 24 hours and at 48 hours after. Subjects attended on three consecutive days for treatment and measurement of elbow flexion, extension and resting angle(universal goniometer), and pain(Visual Analogue Scale; VAS) on a daily basis. Measurements were taken after treatment. Analysis of results using repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc tests were as follows: 1) there were between groups differences in pain value at 48 hours after (p<0.05), 2) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for pain, resting angle, flexion angle and extension angle revealed significant differences within low frequency TENS group, 3) one-way ANOVA with repeated measurement for flexion angle revealed significant difference within high frequency TENS group.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.11-26
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• 2001

In rehabilitation programs involving muscle re-education and endurance exercise, it is necessary to confirm when fatigue occurs. It is also necessary to quantify fatigue, to confirm whether the muscle has been exercised sufficiently. In general, as fatigue occurs, the force-generating ability of the muscle is reduced. If the median frequency (MDF) obtained from electromyogram (EMG) power spectrum is correlated highly with work, then the timing and degree of fatigue may be confirmed. This study examined the relationship between work and MDF obtained from the EMG power spectrum during repetitive isokinetic exercise. Surface EMG signals were collected from biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of 52 normal subjects (26 males, 26 females) at $120^{\circ}/sec$ and $60^{\circ}/sec$ while performing an isokinetic exercise. The exercise was finished at 25% of peak work. MDF data was obtained using a moving fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and random noise was removed using the inverse FFT, then a new MDF data was obtained from the main signal. There was a high correlation between work and MDF during repetitiv isokinetic exercise in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of males and the biceps brachii of females (r=.50~.77). However, there was a low correlation between work and MDF in the vastus lateralis of females (r=.06~.19).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ten minutes of manual passive exercise performed by physical therapists on autonomic nervous system. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy adults, both male and female, were chosen as subjects for this study. The autonomic nervous system was measured by heart rate variability (HRV),before and after passive exercise using the following measurements: mean heart rate (mean HRT), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components, the LF/HF ratio, root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), and the HRV index. The exercise was performed on the subjects by a physical therapist with seven years of experience specializing in the nervous system. The exercise was conducted at the mid-range of motion on the upper and lower limbs of the subjects for two minutes and thirty seconds and for a total of ten minutes. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the LF component. The mean HRT and the LF/HF ratio both increased, but these increases were not significant. The HF component, RMSSD, and HRV index all decreased, but these decreases were not significant. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, mid-range manual passive exercise does not induce stress on the autonomic nervous system. It can safely be performed by a physical therapist.