• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1998.11a
• /
• pp.171-171
• /
• 1998

The metabolic behavior of Debaryomyces hansenii was investigated in terms of substrate utilization and by product formation under different cultural conditions. Debaryomyces hansenii exhibited best growth and most tolerant of increased NaCl, sucrose and potassium sorbate at their optimum pH (5.0). A combination of two or more environmental stresses had stronger inhibitory effects on their growth kinetics, utilization of carbohydrate substrates and the production of organic acids, volatile compounds and other metabolites. Significant amounts of glycerol (0.35-4.4 g/L) and arabitol (0.08-9.8 g/L) were produced by D. hansenii. The main organic acids produced were citric (0.6-1.4 g/L), acetic (0.3-2.8 g/L), fumaric (0.2-1.0 g/L) and malic acids (1.1-1.7 g/L). A range of other compounds such as ethyl acetate, n-propanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol and acetoin were also produced. The concentration of these compounds varied with the cultural conditions. Such compounds would have specific impacts on food quality in which D. hansenii is found.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2014

This study was to investigate the improvement of immune activities of the extracts from Codonopsis lanceolata by stepwise steaming process and high pressure process. The phenol contents was $8.742{\mu}g/mg$ which was higher than that from conventional extraction using 70% ethyl alcohol at $80^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. All of extracts at a concentration of $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ showed relatively low cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) in range of 16 19%. The immune B and T cell growth was improved by extracts using the steamed and high pressure precess of C. lanceolata up to $180{\times}10^4cells/m{\ell}$ and $96{\times}10^4cells/m{\ell}$, respectively. The extract prepared also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from the stepwise steamed and high pressure process. This results can conclude that stepwise steamed and high pressure process effectively released active biomaterials which could important role in enhancing immune activity in the body.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 1987

The melaniid snails belonging to genus Semisulcospira were collected in the Kangwha and Yonchon areas of Korea in 1986 through 1987 in order to carry out a cytotaxonomic study, The snails were first narcotized with menthol and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol for morphological identification. The gonads of adult snails were used for chromosome analyses by the technique of Imai et al. (1977) with minor modification. Slide preparations were observed under high power fields using a Leitz light miscroscope. The results obtained in the present stuedy are summarized as follows: 1)The sanils collected from Kangwha and Yonchon areas were identified as Semisulcospira forticosta(Martens, 1886)and S. gottschei (Martens, 1886) respectively.2)No specific differences were obwerved in details of the chromosome cycle between S. forticosta and S. gottschei.3) Diploid chromosome numbers observed at mitotic metaphase were 36. There was no difference in chromosome numbers between S. forticosta and S. gottschei.4) There were morphological differences in the karyotypes of the two species. The spermatogonial metaphase karyotype of S. forticosta consists of six pairs of metacentric, eleven pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes. The spermatogonial metaphase karyotype of S. gottschei consists of five pairs of metacentric, tselve pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes. Summarizing the aboxe results, the two species of Semisulcospira employed in this study have same chromosome numbers(2n=36)with different karyotypes.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.24
• /
• pp.215-227
• /
• 2003

The gilt-bronze Sarira Reliquary was discovered when repairing three-stories east stone pagoda (Treasure No. 395) at Seungju-eup in Suncheon city in Jeollanam-do Province in August, 1986. Then it was appointed as Treasure in 1988. The Sarira Reliquary had been held in Seonamsa temple, but deterioration on the surface and corrosion had appeared affecting its surface detail. Consequently, the conservation treatment was carried out from November 2002 to March 2003.The corrosion and dirt on the surface of the Sarira Reliquary were cleaned with ethyl alcohol and Benzotriazole was applied to prevent further corrosion. Finally, NAD-10(Paraloid NAD-10), acrylic resin, was used to consolidate the structure. Moreover, after non-destructive analysis to confirm element of alloy, copper, gold, silver and mercury were discovered and this result tells us that it was plated with gold by amalgam. Fibers at the pedestal were examined under the microscope and identified as silk. The total height of this Sarira Reliquary is 6.0cm, the height of lotus pedestal and the roof is 2.7cm and 1.8cm, respectively. The roof and body are joined together, and the lotus pedestal can be separated, on which the octagonal reliquary is impaled. The pedestal consists of 3layers of petals and the surface is decorated with flower pattern. The reliquary is presumed to be created in the 14th century, and it becomes valuable historical material to reveal the secret of metal work in the late Goryeo Dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.603-608
• /
• 2010

More than 8 millions of chemical have been used for human activities and lots of chemicals can not be degraded by microbial activities in this world. To show the biodegradability of a chemical, biodegradability index (B.I.) is suggested using aerobic biodegradability by $BOD_5$/COD, anaerobic biodegradability by methane potential (M.P.) and toxicity by the luminiscent bacteria. In this study, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), HEC (hydroxy ethyl cellulose), 2,4,6-TCP (tri-chloro phenol) and 2,4-DCP (di-chloro phenol) are used for test chemicals. Though they show little toxicity, PAV and HEC have low B.I. because they are polymers having high molecular weight. That means that there are no bacteria that has enzyme to degrade polymer molecules. Also, anaerobic treatment is suggested better than aerobic treatment from B.I. 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP show high toxicity and have low B.I. Their low biodegradabilities seem to be originated from their toxicities. If B.I. is used in wastewater treatment, better treatment process can be suggested and finally it can lead our society to make more environment-friendly chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 1988

A cytosine deaminase from the cell-free extract of an isolate was examined after ethyl alcohol reactionation. The enzyme catalyzed the conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil by the possession of specificity to the substrate. The optimum temperature and storage time on the stability of the enzyme were at below $50^{\circ}C$ and near 2 days in tris-HCl buffer. The maximum activity was also presented ar 9.0 in pH and $45^{\circ}C$ in temperature. The pHs and temperatures for the enzyme activity ranged from 8.5-9.5 and from 40-$50^{\circ}C$, respectively. the presence of $Ag^{+}, Hg^{2+}, Zn^{2+}$ in the reaction mixture resulted in the marked inhibition in the activity, but 1mM of $Fe^{3+}, K^{+}$, or $Na^{+}$ increased the enzyme activity. The enzyme preparation was vot affected by inhibitors used except N-ethylmaleimide of 1 and 10mM, and considerably activated by 1mM of pyrophosphate and 10mM of phosphate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.218-224
• /
• 2013

The aldo-keto reductases catalyze reduction reactions using various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes/ketones. Most reductases require NADPH exclusively as their cofactors. However, NADPH is much more expensive and unstable than NADH. In this study, we attempted to change the five amino acid residues that interact with the 2'-phosphate group of the adenosine ribose of NADPH. These residues were selected based on a docking model of the YOL151W reductase and were substituted with other amino acids to develop NADH-utilizing enzymes. Ten mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. Among them, four mutants showed higher reductase activities than wild-type when using the NADH cofactor. Analysis of the kinetic parameters for the wild type and mutants indicated that the $k_{cat}/K_{m}$ value of the Asn9Glu mutant toward NADH increased 3-fold. A docking model was used to show that the carboxyl group of Glu 9 of the mutant formed an additional hydrogen bond with the 2'-hydroxyl group of adenosine ribose. The Asn9Glu mutant was able to produce (R)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxyl butanoate rapidly when using the NADH regeneration system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2003

Oxidized polyethylene wax is obtained by oxidation of polyethylene wax and it is composed of various chemicals, e.g., fatty acid, alcohol, ketone and ester. The application of oxidized polyethylene wax is determined by the composition of these chemical substances. In this basic study we observed the basic reaction parameters of time, temperature, oxygen concentration and catalysts on the oxidation reaction of low molecular weight polyethylene(PE wax) by analyzing the acid value, physical and chemical properties of oxidized PE wax to develop a new oxidation process. Acid values are increased with temperature increase in the rage of $150^{\circ}C^{\sim}180^{\circ}C$ but decreased beyond 190$^{\circ}C$. Acid values are also increased with oxygen concentration. As the oxidation reaction proceeds the molecular weight and softening points of oxidation products are decreased by cracking reaction, but the viscosities are increased. To observe the crystallinity of oxidation products SEM experiment was performed. To obtain a high acid-value product in a mild condition, we adopted free radical catalysts and the acid value of the product using catalyst was higher than the product obtained without catalyst in the same reaction condition. The effective initiators were dicumyl peroxide(DCPO), t-butylperoxy-2-ethyl hexanoate(HOPO) and benzoyl peroxide(BPO) having long half-life.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.88-95
• /
• 1965

The exo adduct between furfuryl derivatives (furan, furfuryl acetate and furfuryl alcohol) and maleic anhydride were prepared in the presence of ethyl ether. The bromination of the exo adduct of each derivatives gave a monobromolactone and dibromoacid when the reaction was done in the presence of water. The formation of the bromolactone was proved to be dependent to the carboxylic participation to the incipient rearranged carbonium ion of a classical type, and the participation was sterically hindered by the steric structure of the substituents. The bromination of the furan-maleic anhydride adduct in the presence of organic solvent $(CCl_4,\;CH_2Cl_2)$ gave the dibromide, whereas the photochlorination of the same adduct in the presence of carbon tetrachloride gave the tetrachloride. The procedure of the preparation and the reaction path of the halogenation were described.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.399-404
• /
• 2011

In this study, powder of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (O. japonicus) was extracted with 95% ethyl alcohol and fractionated using a series of organic solvents, including n-hexane (hexane), dichloromethane (DCM), ethylacetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water ($H_2O$). We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of these O. japonicus extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Their effects on the expression of inflammatory mediators and transcription factors were analyzed by Western blotting. DCM fraction significantly inhibited formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Phosphorylation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}$B) p65 and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), one of its downstream proteins, were also suppressed by DCM fraction. These effects were regulated by upsteam proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways. Taken together, our data suggest that O. japonicus could be used as a potential source for anti-inflammatory agents.