• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2010

The present study aimed to assess the antifungal properties of the essential oil fraction from Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) and its components against five clinically important Aspergillus species. The essential oil fraction was extracted from the underground parts of the plant by steam distillation, and its main components, namely, Z-ligustilide, butylidene phthalide, and p-cresol were isolated by column chromatography. The antifungal activities of the essential oils were evaluated by the broth dilution method. Both the total essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong and its components showed significant anti-Aspergillus activity against all five tested strains with MICs between 62.5 and 250 ${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. In a checkerboard microtiter assay, the combination of antibiotics, itraconazole with the essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong or its main components exhibited synergistic or additive, and in some cases indifferent, effects against the tested Aspergillus species, resulting in FICIs (fractional inhibiting concentration indices) ranging from 0.12 to 2, while the combination of antibiotics, amphothericin B with L. chuanxiong essential oils mostly showed antagonistic effects.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

In order to compare the extraction patterns of main components from the raw material between the extraction methods, the aerial parts (dried stem, leaves, and flowers) of Agastache rugosa were extracted by SDE simultaneous steam distillation & extraction) and SFE (supercritical fluid extraction). Volatile components of essential oil and extract were identified by GC and GC-MSD. The contents of essential oil extracted by SDE were 0.49% in aerial part of Agastache rugosa on dry basis. Major components were methyl chavicol(27.2%), isomenthone(24.6%), hexadecanoic acid(13.0%). menthone (5.5%) among 32 kinds of components confirmed in essential oil. On the other hand, the contents of SFE extracts revealed 3.21% on dry basis, 6 times higher than those of SDE. Major components were isomenthone(15.3%), hexadecanoic acid(13.7%), methyl chavicol(12.6%), benzoic acid(3.8%) among 33 kinds of components identified in extract.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1590-1595
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• 2009

Alternative methods for controlling bacterial endospore contamination are desired in a range of industries and applications. Attention has recently turned to natural products, such as essential oils, which have sporicidal activity. In this study, a selection of essential oils was investigated to identify those with activity against Bacillus subtilis spores. Spores were exposed to 13 essential oils, and surviving spores were enumerated. Cardamom, tea tree, and juniper leaf oils were the most effective, reducing the number of viable spores by 3 logs at concentrations above 1%. Sporicidal activity was enhanced at high temperatures ($60^{\circ}C$) or longer exposure times (up to 1 week). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the components of the active essential oils. However, none of the major oil components exhibited equivalent activity to the whole oils. The fact that oil components, either alone or in combination, did not show the same level of sporicidal activity as the complete oils suggested that minor components may be involved, or that these act synergistically with major components. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine spores after exposure to essential oils and suggested that leakage of spore contents was the likely mode of sporicidal action. Our data have shown that essential oils exert sporicidal activity and may be useful in applications where bacterial spore reduction is desired.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1993

형개의 잎, 줄기 및 화수의 정유함율 및 정유구성성분을 생육시기별로 비교 분석하여 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 형개의 정유함율은 잎이 줄기나 화수에 비하여 월등히 높았으며 영양성장기부터 개화 후반결관까지 생육이 진전됨에 따라 잎과 줄기의 정유함율은 증가하였다. 2. 정유성분의 구성은 잎과 화수의 경우는 d-menthone과 l-pulegone이 56～71%의 함유 비율을 나타내었으며, 줄기는 21～26%의 함유비율을 보이고 잎과 화수에 거의 나타나지 않는 두 물질이 확인 되었다. 3. 잎의 정유성분구성은 생육후기로 갈수록 d-menthone은 생육초기에 많았다가 후기에 증가하는 반면에 l-pulegone은 점차 감소하여 두가지 주정유성분의 함유비율이 서로 반대로 나타났다. 4. 형개의 정유 성분 평가를 위하여 주요 성분의 생약 약리학적인 검토가 필요하다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2010

The essential oil fraction was obtained from the underground parts o of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) by steam distillation, and its main components, Z-ligustilide and butylidene phthalide, were isolated by column chromatography. Its essential oil fraction and the isolated main components were examined for effects on their anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to develop a new natural anti-inflammatory drug. The results showed that the L. chuanxiong essential oil fraction and its main components, Z-ligustilide and butylidene phthalide, inhibited the production of nitric oxide significantly in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-induced interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) production was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that the L. chuanxiong essential oil fraction and also its main components, Z-ligustilide, and butylidene phthalide reduced the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1994

The essential oils of leaves and resins from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were analyzed to identify their components. After each retention times of 45 known terpenoids were dertermined with a fixed analytical condition by GC the essential oil compounds of leaves and resins were identified by comparing their retention times with the retention times of known standards. To confirm these results the essential oil components of leaves from P. koraiensis were analized by 2 different GC/MS. According to these results, 36 terpenoids in essential oils of leaves from P. densiflora and P. koraiensis were identified and 15 terpenoids and 22 terpenoids were identified from P. koraiensis resin and P. densiflora resin, respectively. The major components which are more than 2% of total amaunt of volatile components were as follows: 1. The major terpenoids of leaves from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene, terpinolene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol. 2. The major terpenoids of leaves from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, myrcene, D-limonene, 3-carene, terpinolene, bornyl acetate, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, borneol, ${\delta}$-cardinene. 3. The major terpenoids of resin from red pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, linalool, linalyl acetate. 4. The major terpenoids of resin from korean pine. ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, D-limonene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, phytol.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2022

This study investigated the volatile flavor components of the essential oil from Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosumBailey. The essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by the hydrodistillation extraction method was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred and one (99.11%) volatile flavor components were identified in the essential oil from the Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The major compounds were hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (12.45%), 6.10.14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (7.94%), 1-(phenylethynyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%), α-farnesene (5.55%), phytol (4.99%), and α-caryophyllene (4.39%). When the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey were classified by functional group, the content was high in the order of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phthalides. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most common hydrocarbons, mainly due to α-farnesene and α-caryophyllene. Among the alcohols, the content of aliphatic alcohols was significantly higher, mainly due to 1-(phenylethnyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%) and phytol (4.99%). The analysis of the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey in this study will provide useful information to consumers when purchasing food and to industries using fragrance ingredients.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2017

PL (Product Liability) refers to the legal responsibility of a manufacturer or seller for bodily injuries or property losses caused by product defects. Therefore, it is important for companies to construct a product liability response system that strategically manage and effectively adapt to product liability. A PL response system refers to companywide operations of PL prevention (PLP) measures, product safety (PS) measures, and PL defense (PLD) measures appropriate for a company's scale and environment. To establish an enterprise product liability response system, each essential component of corporations should be systematically operated and maintained considering the scale and characteristics of the corporations. Essential components of PL response system is Strategy, Organization, Training, Technology, Investment, and Awareness. Role of essential components is that companies need specific strategies to secure product safety and protect customers from product defects, and appropriate organizations must be composed for effective operation of such strategies. The objective of this paper seeks to examine the relationships among the essential components of the product liability response system and PL performance. PL performance consists of positive performance and negative performance. In particular, positive performance include increased efforts in product or process innovation such as strengthening research and development (R&D) to produce safer products without defects. In order to carry out this research we obtained 98 questionnaire of manufacturing company. A summary of the analyses is as follows: First, the awareness and technology among essential components affect significantly to the positive performance. Second, the awareness and strategy among essential components negative affect to the negative performance.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.220-228
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• 2018

This study investigated the chemical composition of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) leaves essential oil, and the quantitative changes of the major terpene compounds according to the specific harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) method from the aerial parts of the burdock leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil composition of this plant was characterized by the higher content of phytol and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone. Seventy seven (98.28%) volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from the burdock leaves harvested during the spring season of 2012, and phytol (33.47%) and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (32.47%) were the most abundant compounds. Eighty eight (99.08%) compounds were identified in the essential oil from the leaves harvested during the autumn season of 2012, and in this case, phytol (37.35%) and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (34.67%) were also the most abundant compounds. These two volatile components were confirmed as the major oil components of the burdock leaves during the time of any harvest. The ratio between the two components contained in the burdock essential oils did not differ significantly by harvesting season. But overall, the essential oil harvested during the spring season contained 65.94% of the two major components, while for the essential oil harvested during the autumn season, the total amount of these two major components was 72.02%. While the main ingredients of the essential oils were found to be unchanged from one harvest time to the next, it was found to differ in content. For the burdock leaves, the quality index of the volatile constituents according to the harvest time would be more useful for utilizing the total quantity other than the proportion between phytol and 6,10,4-trimethyl-2-pentadecone.