• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.361-366
• /
• 2012

We investigated the anti-diabetic activity and enzymatic activity of 24 commercial doenjang samples certified for traditional foods. Twenty four doenjang samples showed the wide ranges in enzymatic activities (protease activities 0-50.45 unit/g, ${\alpha}$-amylase activities 0-675.9 unit/g, ${\beta}$-amylase 13.6-308.6 unit/g), and there were no difference in enzymatic activity by the producing region. To evaluate the potential anti-diabetic activity of 24 doenjang samples, we examined the effect of doenjang methanol extract (DME) on 2-[n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amyno]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake. Ten samples among 24 samples significantly stimulated the uptake of 2-NBDG. When the cells were treated with DME at 400 ug/mL, No. 17 and 23 specially stimulated 2-NBDG uptake by 1.23-fold and 1.25-fold, respectively, compared with untreated control cell. And there were no cytotoxicity in the C2C12 cells treated with DME at concentration of 500 ug/mL. Among 24 samples, No. 6, 7, 12, 21 and 24 showed the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor activity at concentration of 10 mg/mL; however, they were less effective than acarbose which is a commercial ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activities of the sea cucumber products, including extracts and hydrolysates, in vitro and in vivo. Dried sea cucumber, produced on the western coast of Korea, was boiled in water or 70% ethanol at 85℃ or 100℃ for 18 or 24 h, respectively, to extract bioactive compounds. The enzymatic hydrolysates were prepared by reacting the dried sea cucumber with pepsin or neutral protease (PNL) under optimal enzyme conditions. The anti-inflammatory effect of the samples was investigated using RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The amount of nitric oxide (NO) was produced from the cells treated with LPS and each sample was compared. Therefore, the pepsin hydrolysate treatment decreased NO production compared to LPS sole treatment. Furthermore, the effects of the samples on cell injury in the hepatic cell line and bisphenolA-induced hepatic injury mouse model were investigated. The water extracts and the pepsin hydrolysates of sea cucumber significantly inhibited cell injury generated in the hepatocytes without cytotoxicity (p < 0.05), whereas the ethanol extracts were cytotoxic. However, these results indicate that the extracts and the enzymatic hydrolysates derived from sea cucumber can be used as beneficial materials for inhibiting liver damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.315-319
• /
• 2003

Bioactive organosulfur phytochemicals were isolated from fresh broccoli using methlylene chloride as an extract solvent and identified by GC/MSD analyses. Major organosulfur phytochemicals of broccoli extract were found to be isothiocyanates, which constitute 40.42% of total phytochemicals. The isothiocyanates from broccoli extract were identified to be 3-butenyl, 4-methyl thiobutyl, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl, 5-methylthiopentyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-methyl sulfinyl propyl, and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanates, of which major isothio cyanates were 3 butenyl isothiocyanate and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate, constituting about 38.55% of total isothiocyanates present in the solvent extract. Also, nitrites, corresponding to products from enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates were identified as 4-methylthiobutyl, 5-methyl thiopentyl, 2-phenylethyl and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl nitrile. In addition, three sulfides were identified as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and dimethyl tetrasulfide.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 1996

To inhibit the enzymatic degradation of leucine enkephalin (Leu-Enk) and its synthetic analog. $[D-ala^2]$-leucine enkephalinamide (YAGFL), in the nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosal and serosal extracts of rabbits, effects of enzyme inhibitors such as amastatin (AM), puromycin (PM), thiorphan (TP), thimerosal (TM), EDTA, N-carboxymethyl-Phe-Leu (CPL), phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), benzalkonium chloride (BC) and modified cyclodextrins, alone or in combination, were observed by assaying the pentapeptides staying intact during incubation. Mucosa extracts were prepared by exposing freshly-excised mucosal specimens mounted on Valia-Chien cells to isotonic phosphate buffer while stirring. The degradation of Leu-Enk and YAGFL followed the apparent first-order kinetics. The half-lives (mean) in the nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosal extracts were found to be 1.07, 0.33 and 1.14 hr for Leu-Enk, and 16.9, 6.2 and 6.8 hr for YAGFL, respectively. AM or PM, which is an aminopeptidase inhibitor, did not show a sufficient inhibition of Leu-Enk $(50\;{\mu}g/ml)$ degradation in all kinds of extracts. $Dimethyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(DM-{\beta}-CyD)$ decreased the degradation rate constants of Leu-Enk about 2 or 3 times, comparing with no additive. However, the use of mixed inhibitors of AM $(50\;{\mu}M)$/TM (0.25 mM)/EDTA (5 mM) resulted in a full stabilization of Leu-Enk by decreasing the degradation rate constants 67.3, 161.3 and 113.8 times far the nasal, rectal and vaginal mucosal extracts, respectively, comparing with no inhibitor. With mixed inhibitors, Leu-Enk remained intact more than 90% after 6 hr-incubation. In the stabilization of YAGFL, hM, TP or CPL alone showed little efffct, and some additives demonstrated a considerable inhibition of YAGFL degradation in the rank order of TM > BC > EDTA. However, the addition of mixed inhibitors such as TM (0.5 mM) and EDTA (5 mM) into the extracts protected YAGFL from the degradation by more than 85% even after 24 hr-incubation, suggesting almost complete inhibition of YAGFL degradation in the extract. On the other hand, $DM-{\beta}-CyD\;or\;hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ (10%) were also found to retard enzymatic degradation rates of YAGFL markedly, and resulted in staying intact more than 80% of YAGFL in the nasal and vaginal mucosal extracts, and more than 60% in the rectal mucosal extract after 16 hr-incubation.

• ALGAE
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2006

Benthic diatoms are known as a good food for shellfish in nature and in commercial hatchery of Jeju Island, Korea. Grammatophora marina is commonly found as dominant benthic micro-algae in Jeju coastal waters throughout the year. To know the best growth conditions of this species, culture was done in terms of three parameters; water temperature, salinity and nutrients. Each parameter was controlled by temperature of 15, 20 and 25°C; salinity of 25, 30 and 35 psu; and nutrient concentrations of 50, 100 and 200%. F/2 media was used with artificial seawater for the culture, which was continued for two weeks with L:D cycle 12:12 by using fluorescent light. Maximum specific growth rate was recorded 1.68 d–1 at temperature of 25°C with salinity of 35 psu and nutrient concentration of 200% on 6th day during the culture period. Maximum biomass was also observed 4.9 × 105 cells mL–1 in the same condition. This species may belong to the euryhaline and eutrophic habitat with warm condition. For nutritional aspects of this species, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were measured. The value of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was 4.96%, 15.82% and 5.65%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of 80% methanolic extract were 46.7%, 23.7% and 23.8% on DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylydrazy) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, respectively. Percentage metal chelating activity was 81.2%. Enzymatic extracts of Alcalase and Ultraflow showed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH radical (86.5% and 57.2%, respectively), and superoxide anion scavenging activities were 45.3% and 41.4% from Kojizyme and Viscozyme extracts, respectively. Extract of Protomex revealed 24.8% activity on hydrogen peroxide and Neutase showed 30.8% on hydroxyl radical scavenging effects. Celluclast and Viscozyme extracts showed 33.2% and 32.1% activities on nitric oxide scavenging, respectively, while Alcalase showed 61.5% on metal chelating. This species contains higher lipids among the biochemical compounds and higher metal chelating activities from both 80% methanolic and enzymatic extracts.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.80-98
• /
• 1994

According to the original documents, Sagungsan is considered as an effective drug for controlling the hypertensive epistaxis induced by tension of autonomic nerve and it's hyperfunction. The present experiment was designed to understand the effect of Sagungsan extract on the hemostatic action, intracranial pressure, blood pressure and cardiovascular system in experimental animals. And thus the bleeding time, prothrombin time, capillary dilation, blood pressure, Intracranial pressure, and enzymatic analysis of the ATPase activities were studied. The result obtained here were as followings: 1. Sagungsan water extract reduced the bleeding time in mouse, and prolonged the prothrombin time in rabbits. 2. The drug extract increased the tail volume by capillary dilation in rats. 3. The drug extract inhibited the increase of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure in rabbits. 4. At the early time, the increase of arterial blood pressure by the drug extract significantly inhibited by pretreated atropin and regitine in rabbits. 5. The drug extract relaxed the smooth muscle by stimulating the Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities of gastric sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit stomach. 6. The drug extract stimulated the heart contraction by inhibiting the $Mg^{2+}-Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ activities of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit heart. The inhibitory mechanism was reversible and noncompatitive. 7. The drug extract increased the hepatic blood volume by stimulating the hepatic total ATPase activities and hepatic metabolism. 8. The drug extract acted as a tranquilizer by inhibiting the neural Na+-K+-ATPase activity. According to the results, Sagungsan water extract dilated the capillaries, stimulated the heart beat, and thus increased the blood flow with decreasing the intracranial pressure and blood pressure. These effects stanches the epistaxis collectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1356-1362
• /
• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysate (extract) of Salicomia herbacea L. (Korean name: Hamcho) on antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Rats were divided into six experimental groups which are composed of normal diet group, normal diet group supplemented with 2% Hamcho extract, high cholesterol diet group, high cholesterol diet groups supplemented with 1%, 2% and 4% Hamcho extracts. The activity of serum glutamate oxaloacetae transaminase in rats was not different among all experimental groups, while the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in groups supplemented with Hamcho extract was significantly lower than that of high cholesterol control group. Supplementation of Hamcho extract (SHE) to the high cholesterol fed rats resulted in increased activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peioxidase. However, there was no significant difference in the activity of hepatic catalase among all experimental groups. SHE also resulted in decreased levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and mitochondrial carbonyl values. Those effects were higher to some extent in 2% and 4% Hamcho extract groups than those of high cholesterol control group. These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysate of Hamcho may reduce oxidative damage by activation of antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diets.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.246-250
• /
• 2007

The crude extract of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea gongylodes) was prepared as a rich source of peroxidase and its enzymatic and specific activities in the presence of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizer were determined. This extract was used to catalyze the oxidation of thiamine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to thiochrome at pH 8.0. Thiochrome shows strong fluorescence at 436 nm with excitation at 370 nm. Based on the obtained results, a sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of thiamine. In the optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear from 2 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-4 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 6.2 × 10-8 mol L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.2% for 5 × 10-6 mol L-1 thiamine. The method was successfully applied to the determination of thiamine in vitamin B1 and vitamin B complex tablets and vitamin B complex syrup.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.79-87
• /
• 2022

In this study, extracts of Boswellia serrata gum resin, Curcuma longa rhizome, and Terminalia chebula fruit were combined in different ratios, and their anti-osteoarthritis effects were compared to determine which combination had the best synergistic effect. B. serrata, C. longa, and T. chebula extracts in a 2:1:2 ratio exhibited higher antioxidative activity in scavenging DPPH radicals than did the individual extracts alone or the other extract combinations. Additionally, the 2:1:2 combination significantly improved the levels of enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidant-related proteins. Moreover, this same combination ratio decreased the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP13 in interleukin-1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes (HCHs) and increased those of aggrecan and collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1). Analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that the 2:1:2 combination significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Therefore, the 2:1:2 combination of these three plant extracts has the best potential for use as an effective dietary supplement for improving joint health compared with the individual extracts and their other combination ratios.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.34 no.7
• /
• pp.2199-2202
• /
• 2013