• ALGAE
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.169-177
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• 2009

In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from fresh water microalgae, Pediastrum duplex and Dactylococcopsis fascicularis from Jeju Island, Korea. They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase), and the potential antioxidant activity of each was assessed. All enzymatic digests from P. duplex showed significant DPPH scavenging effects. Termamyl (60.6%) digest from P. duplex possessed the highest effects on hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Celluclast (58.1%) and Kojizyme digests (56.9%) from D. fascicularis possessed higher effects on superoxide anion radical scavenging. All enzymatic digests exhibited significant effects on both NO· scavenging and metal chelating. Lipid peroxidation was significantly in inhibited Viscozyme, Termamyl and Kojizyme digests from P. duplex and Ultraflo, Protamex, Kojizyme and Alcalase digests from D. fascicularis. These data suggest that enzymatic digests of the fresh water microalgae, P. duplex and D. fascicularis might be valuable sources of antioxidant which can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industry.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.166-175
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• 2008

In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from the Jeju benthic diatoms, Achnanthes longipes, Navicula sp. and Amphora coffeaeformis. They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase) and their potential antioxidant activity was assessed. Among the enzymatic digests, Neutrase digest from A. coffeaeformis exhibited the highest effect in DPPH radical scavenging. Flavourzyme (48.7%), Viscozyme (47.4%) and Celluclast (45.7%) digests from Navicula sp. exhibited higher $O^{{\cdot}-}_2$ radical scavenging activity. Viscozyme digest from A. coffeaeformis (45.9%) possessed the highest effects in hydroxyl radical scavenging. Termamyl (89.3%) and Protamex (88.8%) digests from A. coffeaeformis had strong metal chelating activity. Lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited in Termamyl and Kojizyme digests from A. longipes, AMG and Termamyl digests from Navicula sp. and Kojizyme digest from A. coffeaeformisi. These data suggest that enzymatic digests of the Jeju benthic diatoms might be valuable sources of antioxidant which can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industry.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from Tetraselmis suecica (T. suecica) and Chlorella ellipsoidea (C. ellipsoidea). They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, and Kojizyme), and the potential antioxidant activity of each was assessed. Most enzymatic digests from T. suecica had a higher radical scavenging activity than those from C. ellipsoidea. Among the enzymatic digests, Kojizyme digest from T. suecica exhibited the highest effect on DPPH radical scavenging. Viscozyme (30.2%) and Neutrase (34.6%) digests from T. suecica exhibited higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Kojizyme digest from T. suecica (81.5%) had strong alkyl radical scavenging activity. Neutrase (61.9%) and Kojizyme (61.5%) digest from T. suecica possessed the highest effects on hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Among the tested samples, Neutrase (TN) and Kojizyme (TK) digests from T. suecica showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH, alkyl radical, hydrogen peroxide). Therefore, TN and TK digests were selected for use in the further experiments. Those digests showed enhanced cell viability against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage, and relatively good hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity in an African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell line. These results suggested that an enzymatic digestion will be an effective way for the production of a potential water-soluble antioxidant from a microalgae, T. suecica.

• ALGAE
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2010

In this study, we assessed the antioxidant properties of tidal pool microalgae, Halochlorococcum porphyrae and Oltamannsiellopsis unicellularis, from Jeju Island, Korea. Specifically, the antioxidant activity of fractions isolated from 80% methanol extract, and digests produced from five proteases and carbohydrases, were investigated. Almost all the fractions and the 80% methanol extract exhibited higher effects on 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest superoxide anion scavenging activity, while both n-hexane and chloroform fractions exhibited higher $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity. Among the enzymatic digests from H. porphyrae and O. unicellularis, all the digests exhibited remarkable DPPH scavenging activities. In nitric oxide inhibition, all the digests recorded significantly higher effects than those of the commercial antioxidants (p < 0.05). Flavozyme and Neutrase digests from H. porphyrae, and Termamyl and Alcalase digests from O. unicellularis, showed significant effects in metal chelating. Lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited in the ethyl acetate fraction, in the Celluclast and Protamex digests from H. porphyrae, and in the chloroform fraction from O. unicellularis. These findings suggest that the two tidal pool microalgae tested in this study are rich in potential antioxidative compounds, the specific properties of which can be considered for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2008

Efficiency of a far-infrared radiation (FIR) dryer for drying of citrus by-products (CBPs) was evaluated through their antioxidant activities. The CBPs dried through FIR were enzymatically digested by six carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Pectinase, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) to prepare digests for evaluation of the activities. The total polyphenolic and total flavonoid contents of the digests were determined by colorimetric assays. The AMG digest was selected for the further experiments. The antioxidant potential of the digests were evaluated by DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and alkyl radical scavenging activities, $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition and the reduction of DNA damage. The AMG digest from CBPs dried through FIR at $50^{\circ}C$ showed strong antioxidant activities in DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, alkyl and metal chelating assays while all the digests showed strong lipid peroxidation activities. Further, enzymatic digests showed remarkable inhibitory activities against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Hence, the data obtained using different in vitro models clearly established the antioxidant potential of enzymatic digests from CBPs dried through FIR. Furthermore, they can be used as a source of natural antioxidants; hence, far-infrared radiation drying is a viable method for transforming wet CBPs into a dried form without destroying the bioactive components.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2010

온주밀감 및 당유자 진피 추출물의 추출수율은 탄수화물분해효소인 viscozyme 추출물과 단백질분해효소인 kojizyme 추출물에서 높았으며, 당유자의 효소 추출물들이 온주밀감에 비하여 높게 나타내었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 탄수화물분해효소인 ultaflo와 단백질분해효소인 alcalase 및 flavourzyme에서 높았으며, 온주밀감 추출물들이 당 유자에 비하여 높게 나타내었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 탄수화물분해효소인 ultaflo와 단백질분해효소인 alcalase 및 물 추출물에서 높았다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 온주밀감에 비하여 당유자의 효소 추출물에서 매우 높게 나타났으며, 탄수화물분해효소인 viscozyme과 단백질분해효소인 kojizyme에서 가장 높았다. 특히 viscozyme 추출물은 86% 이상의 매우 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Hydrogen peroxide 소거활성은 추출물의 농도가 증가됨에 따라 약간씩 증가하였으나, 2.0 mg/mL에서는 온주밀감 진피의 kojizyme 추출물을 제외하고는 91% 이상의 매우 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Alkyl radical 소거활성은 추출물의 농도가 증가됨에 따라 급격히 증가하였으며, 모든 효소 추출물들은 0.5 mg/mL 이상에서 매우 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Hydroxyl radical 소거활성은 추출물의 농도가 증가됨에 따라 급격히 증가하였으며, 모든 효소 추출물들은 다른 활성산소종들의 활성에 비하여 상대적으로 낮은 활성을 나타내었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.672-681
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of enzymatic digests from citrus by-products (CBPs) prepared by high speed drying (HSD). HSD needs a short time (60 min) for drying and can be used in a commercial scale. Enzymatic digests were prepared from the CBPs using 6 enzymes such as aminoglucosidase (AMG), celluclast, pectinex, termamyl, ultraflo, and viscozyme. Antioxidant activities of AMG digest from CBPs were evaluated by different in vitro models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, alkyl, $H_2O_2$ scavenging, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation, and comet assays, and exhibited strong activities. The antioxidant compounds were detected by an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on-line to an 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^+$) scavenging detection system, and found that hesperidin was the key compound. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that HSD is an effective method to transform wet CBPs into dried form, and CBPs are potential source of natural antioxidant.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

본 연구는 늙은호박, 단호박 및 애호박을 다양한 탄수화물 분해효소로 소화하여 조제한 효소가수분해물의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 조회분, 조단백질 및 조섬유는 애호박이 높았으며, 탄수화물은 단호박이 높았고, 조지방은 서로 비슷하였다. 애호박 분말의 모든 효소처리군의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 늙은호박과 단호박의 가수분해물에 비하여 좀 더 높았다. 애호박 분말의 AMG와 Termamyl 소화로 조제된 효소가수분해물의 DPPH 유리기 소거활성 또한 늙은호박 및 단호박에 비하여 매우 높게 나타났다. 한편, Visozyme 처리 가수분해물을 제외한 늙은호박과 단호박의 대부분 가수분해물은 애호박보다 더 높은 superoxide anion 소거활성을 나타내었다. 애호박 가수분해물(Ultraflo 예외)의 hydrogen peroxide 소거활성은 다른 호박의 효소 분해물 보다 약간 높았으나, hydroxyl radical 소거활성은 모든 호박 품종에서 14% 미만으로 낮았다. Nitric oxide 소거활성은 단호박 및 애호박의 Viscozyme 분해물에서 매우 효과적이었으며, 다른 효소가수분해물의 경우에도 BHT보다는 낮았으나 $\alpha$-tocopherol보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.453-459
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• 1996

Cellulase was purified from marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, to homogeneity by using chromatographic methods. Purified enzyme is an endo-${\beta}$-1,4 glucanase and shows a strong hydrolytic activity against carboxymethyl (CM) -cellulose. The physicochemical parameters of enzyme activity were determined. The molecular weight of the purified protein was approximately 62 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymatic capability to digest cellulose of Chlorella cell wall was compared with that of other well known cellulases from Thermomonospora fusca. Experiments involving Chlorella digestion indicated that CM-cellulase from marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, could digest Chlorella very efficiently while cellulase purified from Thermomonospora fusca did not. From the result here, we propose that the cellulolytic system from marine rotifer is responsible for the hydrolysis of cellulosic wall of Chlorella, probing that rotifer digests Chlorella as a major live food.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2002

최근 고혈압을 예방하기 위한ACE 저해 펩타이드에 대한 연구는 주로 여러 가지 식품 단백질의 효소 가수분해물로부터 얻어진 펩타이드를 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이신을 여러 가지 상업용 단백질분해 효소를 사용하여 ACE저해 효과가 높은 가수분해물 제조시 가수분해 조건이 ACE저해효과에 미치는 영향을 알아보자 하였으며 적정 가수분해 조건을 설정하고자 하였다. ACE 저해효과를 가지는 케이신 가수분해 물을 제조하기 위한 효소 종류, 첨가량 및 가수분해시간은 효소는 Aspergillus oryzae 유래의 promod 192를 사용하고, 효소의 첨가량은 케이신에 대하여 1%, 반응시간은 47$^{\circ}C$에서 12시간으로 하는 것이 적당하였다. 이 때 케이신 가수분해물의 $IC_{50}$/값은 248.71ug/m1(통상법), 265.84ug/ml(전처리법)로서 ACE 저해효과가 높았다.