Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2009.14.1.021

Antioxidant Activity of Solubilized Tetraselmis suecica and Chlorella ellipsoidea by Enzymatic Digests  

Lee, Seung-Hong (Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Jeju National University)
Chang, Dong-Uk (Marine Bioprocess Co. Ltd., Pukyong National University)
Lee, Bae-Jin (Marine Bioprocess Co. Ltd., Pukyong National University)
Jeon, You-Jin (Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Jeju National University)
Publication Information
Preventive Nutrition and Food Science / v.14, no.1, 2009 , pp. 21-28 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from Tetraselmis suecica (T. suecica) and Chlorella ellipsoidea (C. ellipsoidea). They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, and Kojizyme), and the potential antioxidant activity of each was assessed. Most enzymatic digests from T. suecica had a higher radical scavenging activity than those from C. ellipsoidea. Among the enzymatic digests, Kojizyme digest from T. suecica exhibited the highest effect on DPPH radical scavenging. Viscozyme (30.2%) and Neutrase (34.6%) digests from T. suecica exhibited higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Kojizyme digest from T. suecica (81.5%) had strong alkyl radical scavenging activity. Neutrase (61.9%) and Kojizyme (61.5%) digest from T. suecica possessed the highest effects on hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Among the tested samples, Neutrase (TN) and Kojizyme (TK) digests from T. suecica showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH, alkyl radical, hydrogen peroxide). Therefore, TN and TK digests were selected for use in the further experiments. Those digests showed enhanced cell viability against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage, and relatively good hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity in an African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell line. These results suggested that an enzymatic digestion will be an effective way for the production of a potential water-soluble antioxidant from a microalgae, T. suecica.
Keywords
Tetraselmis suecica; Chlorella ellipsoidea; enzymatic digest; water-soluble; antioxidant activity;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kang MS, Sim SJ, Chae HJ. 2004. Chlorella as a functional biomaterial. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng 19: 1-11   과학기술학회마을
2 Heo SJ, Lee KW, Song CB, Jeon YJ. 2003. Antioxidant activity of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Algae 18: 71-81   DOI   ScienceOn
3 AOAC. 1995. Official Method of Analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC international, Virginia, USA
4 Nanjo F, Goto K, Seto R, Suzuki M, Sakai M, Hara Y. 1996. Scavenging effects of tea catechins and their derivatives on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylydrazyl radical. Free Radical Biol Med 21: 895-902   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Rosen GM, Rauckman EJ. 1984. Spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. In Methods in Enzymology. Packer L, ed. Academic Press, Orlando
6 Muller HE. 1985. Detection of hydrogen peroxide produced by Microorganism on ABTS-peroxidase medium. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobio Hyg 259: 151-158
7 Benedettia S, Benvenutia F, Pagliarania S, Francoglia S, Scogliob S, Canestraria F. 2004. Antioxidant properties of a novel phycocyanin extract from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Life Sci 75: 2353-2362   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Janzen EG, Towner RA, Haire DL. 1987. Detection of free radicals generated from the in vitro metabolism of carbon tetrachloride using improved ESR spin trapping techniques. Free Radical Res Com 3: 357-364   DOI
9 Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC, Seal T, Mukherjee B. 2003. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 84: 131-138   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Aruoma OI. 1998. Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75: 199-212   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Gulcin I, Oktay M, Kufreviocglu O, Aslan A. 2002. Determination of antioxidant activity of lichen Cetraria islandica (L). Ach J Ethnopharmacol 79: 325-329   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Halliweill B. 1991. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: Source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Ame J Medicine 91: 14-19   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Brown MR, Jeffrey SW. 1992. Biochemical composition of microalgae from the green algal classes Chlorophyceae and Prasinophyceae. 1. Amino acids, sugars and pigments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 161: 91-113   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Chandler SF, Dodds JH. 1983. The effect of phosphate, nitrogen and sucrose on the production of phenolics and solasidine in callus cultures of Solanum laciniatum. Plant Cell Rep 2: 105-110   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Siriwardhana N, Lee KW, Kim SH, Ha JW, Jeon YJ. 2003. Antioxidant activiy of Hizikia fusiformis on reactive oxygen species scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Food Sci Tech Int 9: 339-346   DOI
16 Hiramoto K, Johkoh H, Sako KI, Kikugawa K. 1993. DNA breaking activity of the carbon-centered radical generated from 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). Free Radical Res Com 19: 323-332   DOI
17 Hirata T, Tanaka M, Ooike M, Tsunomura T, Sakaguchi M. 2000. Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis. J Appl Phycol 12: 435-439   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Lee SH, Karawita R, Affan A, Lee JB, Lee BJ, Jeon YJ. 2008. Potential antioxidant activities of enzymatic digests from benthic diatoms Achnanthes longipes, Amphora coffeaeformis, and Navicula sp. (Bacillariophyceae). J Food Sci Nutr 13: 166-175   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Karawita R, Senevirathne M, Athukorala Y, Affan A, Lee YJ, Kim SK, Lee JB, Jeon YJ. 2007. Protective effect of enzymatic extracts from microalgae against DNA damage induced by $H_2O_2$. Mar Biotechnol 9: 479-490   DOI
20 Cox DA, Cohen ML. 1996. Effects of oxidized low density lipoproteins on vascular contraction and relaxation. Pharmacol Rev 48: 3-9
21 Soares JR, Dins TCP, Cunha AP, Ameida LM. 1997. Antioxidant activity of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radic Res 26: 469-478   DOI
22 Lu Y, Foo LY. 2000. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of polyphenols from apple pomace. Food Chem 68: 81-85   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Spitz TT, Bergman M, Moppes D, Grossman S, Arad MS. 2005. Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. J App Phycol 17: 215-222   DOI
24 Adebajo MO, Gesser HD. 2001. ESR study of alkyl radicals adsorbed on porpus Vycor glass I. Build-up of methyl and ethyl radicals. Appl Surf Sci 171: 120-124   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Rosenkranz AR, Schmaldienst S, Stuhlmeier KM, Chen W, Knapp W, Zlabinger GJ. 1992. A microplate assay for the detection of oxidative products using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate. J Immunol Methods 156: 39-45   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Siriwardhana N, Jeon YJ, Kim SH, Ha JH, Heo SJ, Lee KW. 2004. Enzymatic hydrolysis for effective extraction of antioxidative compounds from Hizikia fusiformis. Algae 19: 59-68   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Athukorala Y, Jung WK, Vasanthan T, Jeon YJ. 2006. An anticoagulative polysaccharide from an enzymatic hydrolysate of Ecklonia cava. Carb Pol 66: 184-191   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Heo SJ, Park EJ, Lee KW, Jeon YJ. 2005. Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Bioresour Technol 96: 1613-1623   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Mosmann T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth 65: 55-63   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Ames B. 1998. Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging. Toxicol Lett 102: 5-18   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Shahidi F, Wanasundara PKJPD. 1992. Phenolic anti-oxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 32: 67-103   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Sherwin ER. 1990. Antioxidants. In Food Additives. Branen AI, Davidson PM, Salminen S, eds. Marcel Dekker, New York
33 Lindenschmidt RC, Trika AF, Guard ME, Witschi HP. 1986. The effect of dietary butylated hydroxy toluene on liver and colon tumor development in mice. Toxicol 38: 151-160   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Buyukokuroglu M.E, Gulcin I, Oktay M, Kufrevioglu OI. 2001. In vitro antioxidant properties of dantrolene sodium. Pharmacol Res 44: 491-495   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Fuentes MMR, Fernandez GGA, Perez JAS, Guerrero JLG. 2000. Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Porphyridium cruentum. Food Chem 70: 345-353   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Brown MR. 1991. The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16 species of microalgae used in mariculture. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 145: 79-99   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Chu FE, Dupuy JL, Webb KL. 1982. Polysaccharide composition of five algal species used as food for larvae of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture 29: 241-252   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Campo JAD, Moreno J, Rodriguez H, Vargas MA, Rivas J, Guerrero MG. 2000. Carotenoid content of chlorophycean microalgae: factors determing lutin accumulation in Muriellopsis sp. (Chlorophata). J Biotech 76: 51-59   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Kim SK, Jeon YJ, Kim WK, Back HC, Park PJ, Byun HG, Bai SC. 2001. Biochemical composition of marine microalgae and their potential antimicrobial activity. J Fish Sci Tech 4: 75-83   과학기술학회마을