• 약학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 1993

In order to study the functions of vascular endothelial nitric oxide(NO) generating system, we examined the effects of monomethylarginine(MMA) and dimethylarginine(DMA)(asym., sym.), arginine analogues, on modulation of vascular tone. Also, the concentrations of endogenous arginie and MMA were measured by HPLC in rat aortic tissues. The results were as follows. 1. The maximum relaxation induced by Ach (1.5$\times$10$^{-6}$M) was 80% of the contractility of rings of rat aorta induced by phenylephrine and L-Arg causes endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta precontracted with phenylephrine and these relaxation were concentration-dependent. 2. Endothelium-dependent contractility of rings of rat aorta induced by MMA (100 $\mu{M}$), DMA (asym., 100 $\mu{M}$) and DMA (sym., 100 $\mu{M}$) were 25.5%, 27.5% and 16.5% of that induced by phenylephrine respectively. 3. The relaxation of rat aortic ring induced by L-Arg was inhibited by MMA, DMA(asym.) and DMA(sym.). The degrees of inhibition induced by MMA, DMA(asym.) and DMA(sym.) were 45.7%, 37.1% and 18.3%, respectively. 4. The endogenous arginine and monomethylarginine contents in rat aorta were 83 pmoles/mg wet tissue, and 34.9 pmoles/mg wet tissue. After stimulation with Ach, the concentrations of L-Arg and MMA were significantly decreased. These results suggest that there are the strong relationships between the endogenous L-Arg and methylated arginines and NO-generating system.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2003

인간의 면역계는 외부의 병원균 등의 침입에 대하여 매우 강력한 방어작용을 수행하고 있다. 하지만, 때로 면역계의 손상으로 인해 비정상적인 면역작용이 유발됨으로써 면역성 질환이 야기되기도 한다. 특히, 자가면역 질환은 그 종류가 매우 다양하며 심각한 위험을 초래하기도 한다 이들 질환에 대한 활발한 병인학적 연구가 진행되고 있으나, 아직 정확한 메커니즘을 밝히지는 못하고 있다. 자가면역성 당뇨병의 원인 유전자로 인간의 게놈에 내생하고 있는 HERV가 거론된 후, 사이토카인의 변화나 외생 레트로바기러스의 감염에 의해 HERV의 발현이 활성화되어 superantigen으로 작용함으로써 비정상적인 면역반응이 유도된다는 새로운 사실이 밝혀져 많은 주목을 끌고 있다. 이는 내생 레트로바이러스 유래의 superantigen과 인간의 질병과의 관련성을 비교적명확하게 제시함으로써, 자가면역 질환의 극복을 위한 향후 연구에 주요한 실마리를 제공하고 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2007

For the development of qualitative and quantitative PCR methods of genetically modified (GM) pepper developed in Korea, a capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) gene was used as the endogenous reference gene. The primer pair ccs-F/R amplifying the pepper endogenous gene gave rise to an amplicon of 102 bp. No amplified product was observed when DNA samples from 16 different plants were used as templates. The construct-specific primer pairs amplifying the junction region of the bar gene and Ti7 introduced in GM pepper gave rise to an amplicon of 182 bp. Quantitative PCR assay was performed using a TaqMan probe and a standard plasmid as a reference molecule, which contained both an endogenous and event-specific sequence. For the validation of this method, the test samples containing 0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 10% GM pepper were quantified.

• 동의생리학회지
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• 제14권2호통권20호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Ethanol induces compoundhemorrhagic gastric lesions and causes a dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of endogenous nonprotein sulfhydryls in rat gastric mucosa. Sulfhydryl-containing drugs protect rats from ethanol - induced gastric lesions. Based on this findings, we investigated the involvement of sulfhydryl compounds in the antioxidant effects of Puerariae radix, a traditional herbal medicine, against ethanol - induced gastric lesions in the absence and presence of iodoacetamide(IDA. sulfhydryl blocking agent) in rats. respectively. Because of the known role of sulfhydryls in gastric cytoprotection, its role in gastric antioxidation was of intrest. In vitro, Puerariae radix extract(PRE) reduced linoleic acid autooxidation and exert DPPH radical scavenging effect. In vivo. PRE increased antioxidants(SOD, catalase. GSH) and reduced lipid peroxide level in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. But treatment with PRE plus IDA significantly inhibit the antioxidant effects such as SOD and GSH but did not affect catalase levels. These results suggest that Puerariae radix may play roles in the gastric cytoprotection through antioxidant effects and increase of SOD activity and GSH level are dependent of endogenous sulfhydryls.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 1992

I have been studied the tinnitus. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The etiologies of tinnitus is classified the Zang fa endogenous factors of the Jong-Maek-Hae and exogenous factors of the Oun-Gi, in the Nei Ching. 2. In the endogenous factors the etiologies of the Zang fa is mostly hased deficiency of the kidney, which is concerned with Sim-Hae Gan-Darn-Hae and Bi-Wae-Hae, the etiologies of the phlegm fire is fire is divided into Sin-Hae, Om-Ju-Hu-Mi and No-Gi-Oaek-Sang. 3. The etiologies of the Jong-Maek-Hae is divided into deficiency of the stomach xu of both gi am blood and xu of the kidney. 4. In Nei ching,the etiologies of Oun-Gi divided into Gul-Eum-Pung-Mok and So-Yang-Sang-Hwa of the exgeous factors is regarded to wind and fire as following generations is regrded to wind the endogenous factors caused Sin-Hae Gi-Hae. 5. In the Nei ching, Since the O-Mi-Bo-Sa-Bub is uttered main treated of tinnitus is friquently used Bo-Sin Young-Sim-Sun-Gi and Choung-Gan-Sul- You1 as Zang-Fu Choung-Dam-Gang-Hwa as the Phlegm fire Bo-bi-Sin as the Jong Maek Hae and Gye-Pung-San-Hwa as the Oun-Gi.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.861-878
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• 2021

The human genome contains many retroviral elements called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting from the integration of retroviruses throughout evolution. HERVs once were considered inactive junk because they are not replication-competent, primarily localized in the heterochromatin, and silenced by methylation. But HERVs are now clearly shown to actively regulate gene expression in various physiological and pathological conditions such as developmental processes, immune regulation, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. Recent studies report that HERVs are activated in patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. In this review, we describe internal and external factors that influence HERV activities. We also present evidence showing the gene regulatory activity of HERV LTRs (long terminal repeats) in model organisms such as mice, rats, zebrafish, and invertebrate models of worms and flies. Finally, we discuss several molecular and cellular pathways involving various transcription factors and receptors, through which HERVs affect downstream cellular and physiological events such as epigenetic modifications, calcium influx, protein phosphorylation, and cytokine release. Understanding how HERVs participate in various physiological and pathological processes will help develop a strategy to generate effective therapeutic approaches targeting HERVs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.522-530
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• 2022

Transposable elements (TEs) account for approximately 45% of the human genome. TEs have proliferated randomly and integrated into functional genes during hominoid radiation. They appear as right-handed B-DNA double helices and slightly elongated left-handed Z-DNAs. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are widely distributed in human chromosomes at a ratio of 8%. They contain a 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3'-LTR structure. LTRs contain the U3 enhancer and promoter region, transcribed R region, and U5 region. LTRs can influence host gene expression by acting as regulatory elements. In this review, we describe the alternative promoters derived from LTR elements that overlap Z-DNA by comparing Z-hunt and DeepZ data for human functional genes. We also present evidence showing the regulatory activity of LTR elements containing Z-DNA in GSDML. Taken together, the regulatory activity of LTR elements with Z-DNA allows us to understand gene function in relation to various human diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1412-1419
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• 2023

Retroviral integration into ancient vertebrate genomes left traces that can shed light on the early history of viruses. In this study, we explored the early evolution of retroviruses by isolating nine Spuma endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and one Epsilon ERV from the genomes of Agnatha and Chondrichthyes. Phylogenetic analysis of protein sequences revealed a striking pattern of co-evolution between jawless fish ERV and their host, while shark ERV underwent ancient cross-class viral transmission with jawless fish, ray-finned fish, and amphibians. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that jawless fish ERV emerged in the Palaeozoic period, relatively later than ray-finned fish ERV. Moreover, codon analysis suggested that the jawless fish ERV employed an infection strategy that mimics the host codon. The genealogical diversity of ERVs in the jawless fish genome highlights the importance of studying different viral species. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the evolution of retroviruses and their interactions with their hosts.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2003

The baculovirus/Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) cell system has become popular for the production of large amounts of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1, heterologously. However, it was not possible to show that the expressed transporter in insect cells could actually transport glucose. The possible reason for this was that the activity of the endogenous insect glucose transporter was extremely high and so rendered transport activity resulting from the expression of exogenous transporter very difficult to detect. Sf21-AE cells are commonly employed as the host permissive cell line to support the baculovirus AcNPV replication and protein synthesis. The cells grow well on TC-100 medium that contains 0.1 % D-glucose as the major carbon source, strongly suggesting the presence of endogenous glucose transporters. However, unlike the human glucose transporter, very little is known about properties of the endogenous sugar transporter(s) in insect cells. Thus, the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2dGlc) by Sf21-AE cells and the inhibition of 2dGlc transport in the insect cells by fructose and cytochalasin B were investigated in the present work. The binding assay of cytochalasin B was also performed, which could be used as a functional assay for the endogenous glucose transporter(s) in the insect cells. Sf21-AE cells were infected with the recombinant virus AcNPV-GT or no virus, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. Infected cells were resuspended in PBS plus and minus 300 mM fructose, and plus and minus 20 $\mu$M cytochalasin B for use in transport assays. Uptake was measured at 28$^{\circ}C$ for 1 min, with final concentration of 1 mM deoxy-D-glucose, 2-[1,2-$^3$H]- or glucose, L-[l,$^3$H]-, used at a specific radioactivity of 4 Ci/mol. The results obtained demonstrated that the sugar uptake in uninfected cells was stereospecific, and was strongly inhibited by fructose but only poorly inhibitable by cytochalasin B. It is therefore suggested that the Sf21-AE glucose transporter has very low affinity for cytochalasin B, a potent inhibitor of human erythrocyte glucose transporter.

• 분석과학
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.353-359
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• 1998

국제 올림픽 위원회에서 금지하고 있는 합성 동화성 스테로이드로서 다양한 생물학적 효과를 나타내고 있는 danazol을 대상으로 androgenic 효과를 확인하기 위해 성인 남자 3명에게 100 mg씩 복용하게 한 후 그들의 소변을 채취하였다. 인체내 대사과정에서 생성되는 주요 대사체인 ethisterone의 배설에 따른 8가지의 내인성 스테로이드들의 배설정도를 GC/MS의 selected ion monitoring(SIM) 방법으로 동시분석 하였다. 그 결과 본실험방법에서 내인성 스테로이드들에 대한 회수율은 71.59%~93.56% 이었으며, within-a day 및 day-to-day 분석에서의 RSD 값은 각각 1.87%~10.48%와 1.32~11.25%이었다. 이때의 검출한계는 $0.01{\sim}0.05{\mu}g/mL$ 이었다. 각각의 내인성 스테로이드들과 ethisterone의 표준물질을 뇨시료에 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 20 그리고 $50{\mu}g/mL$를 첨가하여 작성한 검정곡선은 전체적으로 상관계수 0.963~0.991의 직선성을 보였다. 따라서 본 실험은 내인성 스테로이드들의 변화를 관찰함으로서 간접적으로 스테로이드 계열의 금지약물 복용여부를 판단할 수 있는 방법으로 매우 유용함을 알 수 있었다.