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http://dx.doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2022.0060

Z-DNA-Containing Long Terminal Repeats of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families Provide Alternative Promoters for Human Functional Genes  

Lee, Du Hyeong (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
Bae, Woo Hyeon (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
Ha, Hongseok (Division of Life Sciences, Korea University)
Park, Eun Gyung (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
Lee, Yun Ju (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
Kim, Woo Ryung (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
Kim, Heui-Soo (Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University)
Publication Information
Molecules and Cells / v.45, no.8, 2022 , pp. 522-530 More about this Journal
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) account for approximately 45% of the human genome. TEs have proliferated randomly and integrated into functional genes during hominoid radiation. They appear as right-handed B-DNA double helices and slightly elongated left-handed Z-DNAs. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are widely distributed in human chromosomes at a ratio of 8%. They contain a 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3'-LTR structure. LTRs contain the U3 enhancer and promoter region, transcribed R region, and U5 region. LTRs can influence host gene expression by acting as regulatory elements. In this review, we describe the alternative promoters derived from LTR elements that overlap Z-DNA by comparing Z-hunt and DeepZ data for human functional genes. We also present evidence showing the regulatory activity of LTR elements containing Z-DNA in GSDML. Taken together, the regulatory activity of LTR elements with Z-DNA allows us to understand gene function in relation to various human diseases.
Keywords
gene function; human diseases; human endogenous retrovirus; long terminal repeat elements; Z-DNA;
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